In this study, 10 monocotyledons species were chosen in the hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau. Conventional paraffin section method was used. The leaf anatomical structures of ten species in different vegetation zones (steppe zone, forest steppe zone and forest zone) and different erosion environments (south face slope, hilltop and north face slope) were observed. We measured upper cuticle thickness, upper epidermis thickness, lower epidermis thickness, lower cuticle thickness, leaf thickness, vessel diameter, and discussed anatomical structure characteristics and environmental adaptability of these species. The research results showed that: (1) there were different degrees of cuticle differentiation on the upper and lower epidermis in the ten monocotyledon plants. The leaves also had differentiation of bulliform cells in their upper epidermis. The locations and sizes of bulliform cells were different among different species. There were two or four big vessels in monocotyledon plants, which arranged in “V”shaped in the big vascular bundles. Monocotyledon plants could adapt to the special environment in this area through their own special anatomical structure characteristics. (2) In leaf anatomical structures, only vessels diameter had significant difference among different vegetation zones. With the decrease of soil moisture, plants adapted to poor water conditions mainly by increasing vessels diameter. (3) Protective tissues, such as epidermis thickness and upper cuticle thickness in leaf anatomical structures, were significant differences in different erosion environments. Plants adapted to poor water and strong light conditions mainly by increasing the thickness of epidermis and upper cuticle.