Morphological and anatomical characteristics of the fruits of 16 species and 1 variety of Chinese Pleurospermum were studied in this paper,and the size of mericarps,the number of vittaes,the shape of ribs and endosperms were investigated.The taxonomic status of some species of Pleurospermum had been simply discussed which provided great evidences for systematic classification and solution of taxonomic problems of this genus.The main results were as follows:(1)The fruit anatomical characteristics of Pleurospermum show dominant differences among inter-species,but opposite in intra-species;(2)The morphological and anatomical characteristics of Pleurospermum fruits exhibit high polymorphism and certain regularity,which can be evaluated as the significant references for relative-species identification;(3)Based on ripe fruit anatomical structures and molecular phylogenetic evidence,a basic conclusion is supported that the real Pleurospermum plants should have the following characteristics:the exocarp is swollen,the distal part of the rib is hollow,and the internal rib which composed by mesocarp and vascular bundle is not prominent.