Morphologically, Buxbaumia is an unique genus of the bryophytes. In this paper, a brief history of Buxbaumia, the research of the genus in China, and the discovery of the typical species B. aphylla Hedw. in China are presented. Meanwhile, the authors give the introduction of the habitat and community of B. aphylla in Xinjiang, and the morphological observation of its capsule, peristome teeth and spores by the scanning electronic microscope, as well as key to the species of the genus Buxbaumia in China and the systematic relationship of the genus are also briefly discussed.