高寒沙地人工林的气流场特征与防风功能
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国家自然科学基金(41661001,41961017);


Air Flow Features and Windbreaking Function of Artificial Forests in Alpine Sandy Land
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    摘要:

    人工造林是高寒沙地极具生态修复效益与生态挑战的治沙技术。该研究选取青海湖沙地8~10年生的沙棘、乌柳、樟子松和小叶杨人工林作为观测对象,采用手持气象仪结合样方调查方法观测林地2008~2018年的风况环境的时空变化,分析植株附近气流场和防风功能的植物种、高度层和年变化。结果表明:(1)植株株后的气流降幅(20%~85%)和植株有效防护距离(1.0~10.0 m)存在显著的植物种和高度层差异,乌柳和小叶杨(50%~85%,3.5~8.0 m)均大于沙棘和樟子松(20%~65%,1.0~2.0 m)。(2)植株附近流速的方位差异表现为株前>株侧>株后,流向上的方位差异较小;多株植物间的南北通道和中心区成为气流高速区。(3)人工林地植物的防风功能主要表现在中下层(风速降幅18%~76%),且表现为樟子松>乌柳>沙棘>小叶杨,在10年间增长了5%~15%,对应各林地地表输沙率近6年降低了30%~90%,临界起沙风速增大2.0~3.0 m/s。研究发现,人工林的防风机制主要为营造植株不同部位的令流速流向差异来削减风能,4种人工林植物的适宜造林规格为1.0~2.0 m。

    Abstract:

    Artificial vegetation afforestation is a sand control technology with great benefit and challenge of ecological restoration in alpine sandy land. In this paper, four artificial vegetation (Hippophae rhamnoides, Salix cheilophila, Pinus sylvestris and Populus simonii) that have been transplanted to the East Sandland of the Qinghai Lake for 8-10 years are selected, and observed from airflow change in temporal and spatial scale with methods of handheld anemometer and quadrat survey. In analysis of their airflow structure around a single plant and windbreaking function of plant community changed in species, height layers and growing periods, we found that: (1) there were significant differences in vegetation species and height layer in wind velocity decreasing extent (20%-85%) and effective protecting distance (1.0-10.0 m), prominently in S. cheilophila and P. simonii (50%-85%,3.5-8.0 m). (2) Position difference around a single plant in wind velocity showed that: windward part>bilateral part>leeward part, while almost no difference in air flow direction. (3) Windbreaking function (18%-76%) of artificial plants was outstanding in middle and lower air layers, and showed a comparison of P. sylvestris > S. cheilophila > H. rhamnoides > P. simonii. In 2008-2017, their windbreaking function increased by 5% to 15%, in accordance with their sand transport rate decreased by 30% to 90% in recent 6 years, and threshold wind velocity of sand moving increased by 2.0-3.0 m/s. In conclusion, the air flow disturbance and significant windsand protection function around plants reflected wind preventing mechanism of creating spatial differences in wind velocity and direction, and these four artificial vegetation had local feasibility in selecting 1.0 -2.0 m afforestation specifications.

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吴汪洋,张登山,田丽慧.高寒沙地人工林的气流场特征与防风功能[J].西北植物学报,2020,40(8):1396-1406

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  • 在线发布日期: 2020-09-24
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