Using soil pollen composition in different periods to infer the vegetation succession law after the eruption of the Changbai Mountain volcano to restore the change process of the vegetation community in this area is of great significance for revealing the vegetation succession law in the study area at different periods. We analyzed the sporopollen composition in soil profiles developed after the last two major eruptions in Changbai Mountain, and deduced the vegetation succession in the alpine zone. The results showed that: (1) the vegetation succession after the two eruptions had a similar process, including the sporophytes stage, the herbaceous plants stage and the woody plants stage. (2) The succession process at altitude 1 800 m in the north slope after the most recent volcanic eruption was predicted as: bryophyte community→herb community→Betula ermanii community. (3) In the south slope after the penultimate eruption, the succession process at altitude 2 050 m was derived as: bryophyte community→herb community→Betula ermanii community, while at altitude 2 160 m, it was: bryophyte community→herb community→Pinus pumila community. The studies showed that the eruption of the volcano had caused major damages to vegetation, which caused the retreating of alpine timberline and the disappearance of Pinus pumila community. More than 1 000 years after the last volcanic eruption, the alpine timberline has not recovered to the level before the big event.