Based on the theory of tree ring and climatology, Populus euphratica along the lower reaches of Yurungkash River and Cele River in Hotan area of Xinjiang was taken as the research object. Based on the corresponding meteorological factors in the watershed, dust weather days, the runoff of Cele River, the response characteristics of P. euphratica in two basins to meteorological factors were analyzed to determine the characteristics of P. euphratica in the growth process of the arid desert area. The climate limiting factors provide theoretical basis for promoting the ecological restoration of P. euphratica and sanddustweather prevention. The results showed that: (1) during 1976-2018, the meteorological conditions of these two river basins were basically the same. The average annual temperature showed an obvious upward trend, the average annual precipitation showed a fluctuating upward trend, the relative humidity of the atmosphere showed a downward trend, the average annual sandstorm, blowing sand, and floating dust days all show a significant downward trend; the P. euphratica annual ring index in the Yurungkash River Basin showed a significant increase first and then the overall trend of gentle changes, while the P. euphratica annual ring index in the Cele River Basin has shown a significant upward trend since 1985. (2) The response of tree ring index of P. euphratica in the Cele River Basin to annual meteorological factors was significantly higher than that in the Yurungkash River Basin, and tree ring index of the Cele River Basin had a significant positive correlation with annual temperature (P<0.01). However, the ring index of P. euphratica has no significant effect on annual precipitation and relative index of atmosphere. (3) There was a significant negative correlation between ring index of P. euphratica and relative humidity in February in the Yurungkash River Basin (P<0.05); there was a significant positive correlation between ring index of P. euphratica and temperature in March, April, September and October in the Cele River Basin, and there was a significant negative correlation between ring index of P. euphratica and relative humidity in June (P<0.05), and there was a significant negative correlation between ring index of P. euphratica and runoff in February and April. (4) The annual ring index of P. euphratica in the Yurungkash River Basin has a significant negative correlation with the days of dust storms and blowing sand in autumn and winter; except January and February, and the annual ring index of P. euphratica in the Cele River Basin has a significant negative correlation with monthly sand dust weather days. The study showed that two basins have sparse precipitation and large evaporation. The water source for the growth of P. euphratica mainly depends on the supply of groundwater and surface runoff. The annual ring index of P. euphratica in the Cele River Basin is obviously affected by temperature, runoff and reservoir construction.