The study adopts the method of conventional tableting of 5 Convallarieae species. The shapes, chromosome number and karyotype of the observation analysis, and comprehensively collect all the Convallarieae has reported a total of 81 of the 253 published of chromosomes, through comprehensive statistics, reconstruction of phylogenetic tree, between the Convallarieae was studied and the subordinate relations between the systems, to reveal the relationship between species and the trend of origin and evolution. The results showed that: (1) the results of cytological experiments showed that the chromosome number of 4 species of Convallarieae was 2n=38, except for Aspidistra elatior, which was 2n=36, and all of them were diploid, and the asymmetry karyotype was Stebbins 2C. The variation range of the asymmetry coefficient As.K% was from 65% to 69%, but the karyotype formula was different. (2) The chromosome number of most species is 2n = 38, while that of some species in Aspidistra is 2n = 36; according to the variation of chromosome length, the karyotypes were mainly divided into unimodal and trimodal. The statistical results show that the group with chromosome 2n=36 usually has one more pair of medium chromosomes and two less pairs of small chromosomes than the group with chromosome 2n= 38, which may be due to the fusion of two small pairs of chromosomes into a pair of medium chromosomes. (3) The latest phylogenetic tree of Convallarieae based on four chloroplast gene fragments (rbcL, matK, psbatrnH and trnLF) and nuclear gene ITS showed that Convallarieae was divided into three clades. The Ⅰ clade was located in the base of the whole clades and was the first to be differentiated from the ConvallariaSpeirantha clades and the chromosome number is x=19; the Ⅱ clade is the RhodeaReineckia clades, and the chromosome number is x=19; the Ⅲ clade is the TupistraAspidistra clades and the chromosome number is x=18 or 19. Based on the analysis of chromosome cardinality and karyotype of Convallarieae, the low number x=18 of Convallarieae evolved from x=19 through chromosomal fusion or loss. It is speculated that the karyotype evolved from a relatively symmetrical unimodal to an asymmetrical trimodal. This study provides cytological evidences to reveal the evolutionary relationships between genera and species within Convallarieae.