The phenotypic characteristics and nutritional components of Paeonia suffruticosa Andr ‘fengdan’seeds introduced from 12 introduced areas in Sichuan basin were determined and analyzed, and combined with ecological factors such as meteorology, soil nutrients and altitude, in order to provide theoretical support for scientific introduction and high-efficiency cultivation of ‘Fengdan’, the correlation between characters and ecological factors was studied and key ecological factors affecting seed quality were revealed. The results showed that: (1) The transverse diameter, longitudinal diameter, seed shape index and 1000 grain weight of phenotypic characters of "Fengdan" seeds in each sampling area had extremely significant differences (P < 0.01), and their variation ranges were 7.98 ~ 10.63 mm, 7.75 ~ 10.86 mm, 0.80 ~ 1.32 and 311.23 ~ 393.15 g respectively. The longitudinal diameter and 1000 grain weight of seeds in Nanjiang County, Bazhong City were the largest (10.86 mm, 393.15 g), and the transverse diameter and seed shape index were the largest in Ebian County of Leshan City and Xichong County of Nanchong City (10.63 mm, 1.32). The phenotypic traits of ‘fengdan’ seeds from different sampling sites were significantly different (p < 0.01) ; the variation ranges of seed diameter, longitudinal diameter, seed shape index and 1000-seed mass were 7.98-10.63 mm, 7.75-10.86 mm, 0.80-1.32 and 311.23-393.15 g; respectively, the longitudinal diameter and 1000-grain weight of ‘Fengdan’ seeds from each sampling site were the largest (10.86 mm, 393.15 g) in Nanjiang County, and the transverse diameter and 1000-grain weight were the largest (10.63 mm, 1.32) in Ebian County and Xichong County. (2) There were significant differences in oil content, protein, α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid (P<0.01) in the seeds of ‘Fengdan’ from different sampling sites, and the ranges of their changes were 20.5%~26.9% , 15.6%~19.6% , 42.8%~47.1% and 15.7~19.6% respectively, which were higher in Nanjiang County of Bazhong City (26%, 18.3%, 47.1% and 18.3%)..The contents of oil, protein, α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid were higher in Nanjiang County (26% , 18.3% , 47.1% and 18.3%) , the oil content, protein, α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid content of ‘Fengdan’seeds were 20.5%~26.9% , 15.6% ~19.6% , 42.8~47.1% and 15.7~19.6% , respectively. (3) The 1000-grain weight of ‘Fengdan’seeds was significantly correlated with the contents of α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid (r = 0.760 and-0.701), and the contents of linoleic acid and oleic acid were significantly correlated with the contents of protein (r =-0.686 and 0.665), α-linolenic acid was negatively correlated with linoleic acid (r =-0.904), while palmitic acid was negatively correlated with stearic acid (r =-0.792). (4) TheThe results of redundancy analysis showed that the contribution of site conditions to the phenotypic characters and nutrient components of ‘Fengdan’seeds were as follows: available potassium > organic matter > altitude > available nitrogen > available phosphorus > pH, the contribution rates of climatic conditions are annual sunshine > January temperature > July temperature > annual rainfall > annual average temperature, among which altitude has a greater effect on seed phenotypic characters, and available potassium has a greater effect on seed shape index and oleic acid, the effects of organic matter and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen on protein and oil content were significant, and there were positive correlations between altitude, available potassium, available phosphorus, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and temperature with seed phenotypic traits, oil content, α-linolenic acid, protein and palmitic acid, negative correlation with stearic acid and linoleic acid. The study foundThe study showed that there were significant differences in the phenotypic characters and the contents of main nutrient components of ‘fengdan’ seeds introduced from different regions in Sichuan Basin, ecological factors such as weather, soil nutrients and altitude have important effects on seed quality of ‘Fengdan’. When selecting the planting base of ‘Fengdan’, we should choose higher altitude and higher temperature, an area rich in soil nutrients (organic matter, available potassium, available phosphorus, and alkaline-hydrolyzed nitrogen).