This article takes the dominant species Castanopsis eyrei population in three sample plots (Diaoqiaoan, Yungusi and Wangpulou) for monitoring forest plant diversity in Mount Huangshan as the research object. Using population size structure analysis, static life table, survival curve, population growth model and point pattern analysis, we studied the population size dynamics and spatial distribution pattern. Results showed that: (1) Castanopsis eyrei population in three sample plots showed a large number of seedlings, abundant saplings, and the number of individuals in each sample plot gradually decreased with the increase of age class, indicating that C. eyrei population was in the growth stage, with strong renewal ability, belonging to a stable population. (2) The survival curves in Diaoqiaoan and Wangpulou plots were similar to Deevey Ⅱ type. The mortality rates at different age levels were similar in the two plots. The three death peaks were in juvenile stage, early maturity stage and old age. (3) the survival curve of Yungusi plot was Deevey Ⅲ type, the mortality rate was higher at the young stage than the mature and aging stage. (4) C. eyrei population in forest plants of Mount Huangshan was contagious distribution in small scale and it turned to be uniform distribution or random distribution at large scale.