西北植物学报 Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica

Volume 44,2024 Issue 12

Publication date ：

Effects of 3 kinds of exogenous hormone on flowering and branch physiological characteristics of Paeonia rockii

LIU Jiamiao, TANG Hong, ZHU Jiachen, TAO Xuanlin, XUE Nana

2024,44(12):1837-1847 DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240486

[Abstract] (310) [HTML] (50) [PDF 3.60 M] (305)

Abstract:
[Objective]The study aims to explore the effects of 3 kinds of exogenous hormone on the flowering and branch physiological characteristics of Paeonia rockii and to provide theoretical basis for the chemical regulation of flowering traits of P. rockii [Methods] "Xiangyabai" form Guantangou P. rockii Cultivation Base in Yuzhong Country, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province as the material, three spraying concentrations (100, 300 and 500 mg/L) and three kinds of hormones (IAA, GA3 and 6-BA) were sprayed on the leaves before flower bud differentiation, and water was used as the control. The changes of physiological indexes such as flowering at full-bloom stage, antioxidant enzyme activity and osmotic adjustment substance content of branches were investigated. [Results]Compared with the CK, the three exogenous hormones could increase the number of flowers and the rate of double-petal flowers in different degrees, and the effect of 500 mg/L 6-BA treatment was the best, and the SOD activity, POD activity and Pro content of single-petal branches and double-petal branches were also the highest. The activities of SOD, POD and CAT in the branches of P. rockii were positively correlated with the number of flowers and the rate of double-petal flowers, which played an important role in the flowering process, and SOD was more prominent. The number of flowers, the rate of double-petal flowers and the physiological indexs of branches were the best under the treatment of 500 mg/L 6-BA, 500 mg/L GA3 and 300 mg/L GA3 respectively. [Conclusion] The three hormones all directly or indirectly promoted the increase of flowering number and stamen petaling degree of P. rockii through the physiological indexs of branches, but the degree of promotion was different. Among them, the increase of the number of flowers and the rate of double-petal flowers were the highest under the treatment of 500 mg/L 6-BA.

Root Architecture and Physiological Response to Drought Stress in Potato at Different Growth Stages

LI Jiaxin, ZHANG Tianci, REN Xiaoyue, LI Sixuan, CHEN Yanyun

2024,44(12):1848-1855 DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240415

[Abstract] (171) [HTML] (35) [PDF 1003.36 K] (281)

Abstract:
[Objective] The present study aimed to elucidate the response of the potato root system to drought stress at different stages of plant development. Additionally, the study sought to identify the underlying mechanisms that confer drought resistance in the potato root system. The findings of this study will provide a theoretical foundation for the scientific production of potatoes under drought stress conditions. [Methods] Using Jizhang Potato No.12 as the material, an indoor potting comparative experimental design was adopted to study the changing patterns of potato growth indexes, root conformation and root physiological indexes at different reproductive periods under two treatments of severe drought [relative soil moisture content (45±5)%, CK] and normal watering [relative soil moisture content (75±5)%, XP]. [Results] The plant height, stem thickness, total root length, total surface area and total root volume of the potato were found to be significantly lower than those of the control throughout the reproductive period, as a result of the drought stress.Single plant yield, number of potatoes set per plant and starch were significantly lower in the drought stress group than in the control group, and reducing sugar was significantly higher in the drought stress group than in the control group. The roots of potatoes subjected to drought stress exhibited heightened vigor, MDA, proline, and soluble sugar levels compared to the control group, with these values increasing as the duration of drought prolonged. Additionally, the SOD and POD levels in these roots were higher than those in the control group, with SOD displaying a delayed response during the early stages and POD demonstrating a rapid surge during the tuber formation phase. [Conclusion] The growth、development and yield of potatoes were found to be impeded by drought stress. The antioxidant enzyme system and osmoregulatory substances within the potato root system exhibited a rapid response to drought stress, enabling the plant to cope with the damage caused by drought stress and demonstrating a certain degree of drought resistance.

Regulatory mechanism of exogenous myo-inositol to increase the tolerance of tomato seedlings to high temperature stress

CHEN Yan, HAN Liyuan, DU Zilong, ZHU Dongxing, ZHANG Yingying, ZHU Weimin

2024,44(12):1856-1867 DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240404

[Abstract] (133) [HTML] (27) [PDF 2.26 M] (224)

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[Objective]High temperature is one of the main influencing factors restricting the growth and development of tomato and the quality and yield of tomato. The study of the effect of exogenous myo-inositol on the physiological and biochemical indexes of tomato seedlings and its molecular mechanism of tolerance to high temperature stress provides a theoretical basis for the improvement of the heat resistance of tomato.[Methods]Tomato variety "NRP20-7" was used as the test material, water and myo-inositol treatments were sprayed separately at common temperature and high temperature.respectively, and the phenotypic changes of each treatment were observed and analyzed by hyperspectral imaging, and the physiological indexes of each treatment group were determined and analyzed the expression of heat stress responsive genes, antioxidant and ABA-related genes by qRT-PCR.. [Results] The 20 mmol/L myo-inositol treatment could effectively alleviate the damage of high temperature stress on tomato seedlings, reduce the heat damage index of tomato leaves, increase the maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), and significantly increase the content of photosynthetic pigments.Exogenous myo-inositol significantly increased proline, soluble sugar, and peroxidase activity, and significantly decreased malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide anion contents in tomato seedlings at high temperature.Exogenous myo-inositol increased heat stress response genes, antioxidant-related genes, ascorbic acid synthesis genes, and decreased heat shock protein genes.In addition, exogenous myo-inositol is involved in the response to high temperature stress by regulating abscisic acid synthesis and signaling pathways affecting the level content of ABA in tomato seedlings. [Conclusion]Exogenous myo-inositol enhances tomato tolerance to high temperature stress by regulating complex biological processes in plants.

The Influence of Sowing Quantity and Substrate Thickness on The Quality of Grass Blanket Formation in Sand Base

ZOU Jiatong, YU Weijie, ZHANG Zheng, FENG Zhidao, ZHANG Changlin

2024,44(12):1868-1877 DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240394

[Abstract] (85) [HTML] (20) [PDF 907.60 K] (222)

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【Objective】 Under the condition of ensuring the quality of the grass blanket, select the appropriate combination of substrate thickness and seeding rate in the production process of ecological grass blanket, and achieve the coordination and unity of ecological and economic effects in grass carpet production.. 【Methods】 Using Poa pratensis as the experimental grass species, 12 indoor potted treatments were established, combining 3 sowing rates (15, 30, 45 g/㎡) with 4 substrate thicknesses (3, 5, 7, 9 cm). This was done to examine the characteristics of sand-based ecological grass blankets under varying conditions of sowing rates and substrate thicknesses, and to holistically assess the quality of the blanket formation. 【Results】 The results revealed significant variations in the quality indicators of the early maturing grass-based ecological carpets across different treatments. The Z9/45 treatment yielded the highest plant density, aboveground biomass, and root biomass in the grass carpet. The Z3/15 treatment had the highest chlorophyll content, while the Z7/45 treatment had the highest root tensile strength and root vitality. The Z5/45 treatment had the highest root length density, while the Z9/15 treatment had the smallest leaf width and the best texture. The Z9/45 treatment received the highest comprehensive score for carpet formation traits, as assessed by both variation analysis and membership function methods.. 【Conclusion】 The Z9/45 treatment of the grass blanket not only demonstrated excellent plant density, aboveground biomass, and root biomass but also exhibited superior overall performance. The optimal combination for preparing the early maturing grass blanket with sand-based ecology was a substrate thickness of 9 cm and a sowing rate of 45 g/㎡.

Genome-wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the PIN Gene Family in Pepper Pedicel Abscission Zones and Root Development

HE Lei, YAN Xi, LAI Wei, LIU Chongzheng, YANG Hong, HE Jianwen

2024,44(12):1878-1889 DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240347

[Abstract] (141) [HTML] (42) [PDF 4.34 M] (205)

Abstract:
【Objective】 This study seeks to identify and analyze the characteristics of the PIN gene family members in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and to investigate their expression patterns in the abscission zone of the fruit pedicel as well as during root development. The ultimate goal is to provide candidate genes for elucidating the functions of CaPINs and for breeding new pepper varieties. 【Methods】 PIN genes were identified through whole-genome screening of pepper, followed by comprehensive bioinformatics analysis. Subsequently, the expression patterns of these genes in the fruit pedicel abscission zone and during root development were systematically analyzed. 【Results】 9 members of the PIN gene family were identified in the pepper genome and designated as CaPIN1 through CaPIN9. These genes are distributed across seven chromosomes, with CaPIN9 remaining unanchored. The proteins encoded by these genes exhibit amino acid lengths ranging from 358 to 654 residues, molecular weights from 39 251.05 to 71 170.91 Da, and isoelectric points from 6.40 to 9.38. Most of these proteins are stable. Additionally, significant collinearity was observed among the CaPINs, indicating a close genetic relationship with the tomato genome. The CaPINs encompass a multitude of elements associated with growth, environmental responses, and hormonal signaling. Transcriptome data analysis reveals that the expression of CaPINs in pepper is tissue-specific. Quantitative PCR results demonstrate that CaPINs exhibit differential expression levels across various fruit pedicel abscission zones and throughout root development. 【Conclusion】The CaPINs play a crucial role in the development of the pedicel abscission zone and the growth and development of the root system. These genes hold significant potential as candidates for the breeding of pepper varieties with improved ease of de-stemming and for enhancing genetic traits related to root systems.

Analysis of Significant Associated Regions and Candidate Genes for Dwarf Stem Trait in Brassica napus Based on BSA-sequencing

ZHAO Weiguo, TA Na, YANG Zelin, WANG Hao

2024,44(12):1890-1899 DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240326

[Abstract] (111) [HTML] (24) [PDF 2.70 M] (198)

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[Objective] The study aims to reveal the genetic loci and candidate genes associated with the dwarf trait in Brassica napus, thereby laying a foundation for breeding to improve the plant height and lodging resistant of B. napus. [Methods] Rapeseed dwarf stem DW1 was used to cross with tall stem lines WH14 and WH20, respectively, and the F1 and F2 generations were used to analyze the genetic mechanism behind the of dwarf trait. Meanwhile, two DNA mixed pools, one from extremely tall and the other from dwarf stem lines, constructed from F2 segregated population of dwarf stem DW1 and tall stem WH20 hybrid combination were sequenced and analyzed base on BSA-seq technology, and the significant association regions and candidate genes associated with dwarf trait were identified. [Results] (1) The dwarf trait of B. napus DW1 was one quality trait and was controlled by one pair of incomplete dominant genes. (2) Twenty-two genomic regions significantly associated with dwarf trait were identified within the 21.78—23.88 Mb region on chromosome A06, with the maximum interval of 46.71 kb and the minimum interval of 0.64 kb. (3) Potential candidate genes, including BnaA06g27050D, BnaA06g34100D, BnaA06g34810D, BnaA06g35080D and BnaA06g36480D, were identified in significantly associated regions on chromosome A06, which were related to the regulation of plant auxin and gibberellin signal transduction, respectively. [Conclusion] The dwarf trait herein is one quality trait controlled by one pair of incomplete genes. One significantly associated regions were identified in the genomic region from 21.78 M to 23.88 Mb on chromosome A06. Five candidate genes within the significantly associated regions were identified and invloved in the regulation of plant auxin synthesis and gibberellin signal transduction.

Transcriptome analysis of the root system of Platycodon grandiflorum in response to the fallen leaves of Acer truncatum

FENG Chaoqun, RUAN Kunfei, SHI Shaotong, LI Sen, CHENG Shaoying, LIU Zhonghua

2024,44(12):1900-1914 DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240342

[Abstract] (139) [HTML] (37) [PDF 2.58 M] (270)

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[Objective] With the background of the forest-medicine compound planting mode of Acer Truncatum forest and Platycodon grandiflorum in Beijing, we explored the potential effects of A. Truncatum fallen leaves extracts on the accumulation of major medicinal active ingredients in the roots of P. grandiflorum. Transcriptome sequencing was performed on the roots of P. grandiflorus to identify differentially expressed genes and metabolic pathways, which is of great significance for revealing the molecular mechanisms in the synthesis pathway of active ingredients in P. grandiflorum roots. [Methods] Using Illumina to perform transcriptome sequencing on the roots of P. grandiflorus, evaluate the gene expression changes and deeply explore the synthesis pathways of terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoid secondary metabolites. [Results] 753 DEGs were annotated into the three major classes in GO classification, and 402 DEGs were annotated into the 50 metabolic pathways of the KEGG database. Compared with the control group, there were 17, 7, and 26 DEGs involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoids, respectively. [Conclusion] In the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway, 10HGO, CYP71D55, CYP76F14, and LUS showed up-regulated; in the flavonoid synthesis pathway, the identified DEGs showed an overall up-regulated; in the phenylpropane synthesis pathway, COMT was down-regulated, 4CL and REF1 were down-regulated, and the DEGs overall were down-regulated expression. It is presumed that the synthesis of terpenoids and flavonoids increased and the synthesis of phenylpropanes decreased. The article obtained the full transcriptomic information of the roots of P. grandiflorum and preliminary predicted the possible regulatory pathways for the synthesis of terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoid in P. grandiflorum.[ ][ ]

2.Key Laboratory of Castor Breeding of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission3.Inner Mongolia Industrial Engineering Research Center of Universities for Castor

XU Xingyuan, Huang Fenglan, ZHANG Chunlan, ZHU Menglan, CUI Zhiyu, LIU Peng

2024,44(12):1915-1926 DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240312

[Abstract] (111) [HTML] (35) [PDF 6.20 M] (216)

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Abstract 【Objective】The ZF-HD family genes of castor were identified, and their members were analyzed by sequence analysis, phylogenetic analysis, promoter and expression pattern analysis, which provided a reference for further study on the function of ZF-HD gene in castor.【Methods】Based on the whole genome data of castor, ZF-HD gene was identified, and bioinformatics analysis and expression analysis under abiotic stress were carried out.【Results】A total of 13 ZF-HD gene family members were identified from castor, which were unevenly distributed on Chr1-Chr10.All 13 RcZF-HD proteins were hydrophilic unstable proteins, and subcellular localization was localized in the nucleus. The RcZF-HD gene family was clustered into three subgroups, and the number of genes in each group was different. The gene structure had intra-group conservation and inter-group diversity. RcZF-HD gene family members have a large number of tissue-specific elements, stress response elements and hormone response elements. The ZF-HD gene is widely responsive to abiotic stresses and its expression is tissue-specific.【Conclusion】The results provide a reference for further exploration of the function of RcZF-HD gene, such as regulating the growth and development of castor and responding to abiotic stress.

Characterization and Phylogenetic Comparative Analysis of the Complete Chloroplast Genome of Endangered Impatiens chishuiensis

LAN Wengxiang, MO Qing, HUANG Haiquan

2024,44(12):1927-1936 DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240267

[Abstract] (109) [HTML] (27) [PDF 4.38 M] (182)

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【Objective】 To study the structural characteristics and phylogenetic position of the chloroplast genome of I. chishuiensis, with a view to providing scientific basis for the conservation of plant germplasm resources, genetic diversity and phylogenetic study of I. chishuiensis. 【Methods】 Based on the chloroplast genome sequence of I. chishuiensis flower, a Chinese endemic species, the chloroplast genome was assembled, annotated, gene characterised, sequence duplicated and phylogenetically analysed using bioinformatics software.【Results】 (1) The chloroplast genome of I. chishuiensis has a typical tetrameric structure with a total GC content of 37% and a length of 152 892 bp; it encodes a total of 113 genes, including 88 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 17 tRNA genes. (2) A total of 76 SSR sequences were detected in the sequence; 50 842 codons were detected, with leucine (Leu) being the most abundant and tryptophan (Tyr) being the least. (3) Impatiens was divided into two subgenera--subg. Clavicarpa and subg. Impatiens, and I. chishuiensis is a species of subg. Clavicarpa and has the closest affinity with I. alpicola. 【Conclusion】 I. chishuiensis is a typical tetrad structure, and the SSR sequence is dominated by the A/T single base; the results of phylogenetic analyses place it in the subg. Clavicarpa.

Biological Characteristics and Breeding System of the Rare Plant Rosa anemoniflora in Blooming

YU Qun, RUAN Shumin, SHI Qinhua, HUANG Xiaochun, ZENG Huahao, GAO Wei

2024,44(12):1937-1945 DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240072

[Abstract] (79) [HTML] (37) [PDF 3.45 M] (208)

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[Objective] To clarify the breeding system, pollination characteristics, and endangered mechanism of Rosa anemoniflora, and provide theoretical basis for the protection and breeding of rare and endangered plants. [Method] Pollen viability was measured by in vitro culture germination method, stigma receptivity was measured by benzidine hydrogen peroxide method, pollen morphology was observed by scanning electron microscope, and flower characteristics, flowering dynamics, and visiting insects were manually observed and recorded. [Results] (1) The pollen vitality of Rosa anemoniflora was the highest on the the?fourth?day of flowering, and the best period of stigma receptivity was the third day; (2) The single flowering period of Rosa anemoniflora is 5-7 days, and the population flowering period is about 25 days; The hybridization index (OCI) is 4, and the breeding system evaluates it as heterozygous, partially self compatible, and heterozygous requires pollination. (3) Rosa anemoniflora has a single pollinator, with Apis cerana and Bombus sp. being the main pollinators. [Conclusion]The breeding mechanism of Rosa anemoniflora is heterozygous, partially self compatible, and pollinated by insects.The single pollinating insect and the susceptibility of pollination behavior to weather and human interference are important reasons for the endangerment of Rosa anemoniflora; Releasing effective insects during the flowering period and reducing human damage are important measures for the conservation of Rosa anemoniflora.

Study on the Response of Fruit Active Substances of Lycium ruthenicum Murr.to its Phenotypic Characteristics

SHI Cui, KONG Dongsheng, BAO Jingwei

2024,44(12):1946-1953 DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240339

[Abstract] (80) [HTML] (20) [PDF 459.59 K] (198)

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[ Objective ] The aim was to deeply understand the diversity and variation characteristics of phenotypic traits of Lycium ruthenicum fruit, and the correlation mechanism between phenotype and active substances, so as to provide reference for the development and utilization of Lycium ruthenicum resources. [ Method ] Taking Lycium ruthenicum Murr.fruit as the research object, 23 phenotypic traits were extracted by automatic test analyzer, and 3 main active substance indexes were determined and analyzed. [ Result ] The results showed that the absolute value of variation coefficient of fruit phenotype and active substances of L.ruthenicum ranged from 2.92 % to 50.74 %, and the average variation coefficient was 19.75 %. There was rich diversity, among which the variation coefficients of roundness, correlation value and entropy value were 6.42 %, 2.92 % and 5.05 %, respectively. The difference between individuals was small, and the stability was high. The variation coefficients of anthocyanin, flavonoid and hue value were large, and the stability was low, and the selection potential was large. There were extremely significant and significant correlations between phenotypic traits and active substance traits. Among them, 143 pairs of correlation coefficients showed extremely significant levels ( p < 0.01 ), and 20 pairs of correlation coefficients showed significant levels ( p < 0.05 ). The level of active substance content can be judged by phenotypic characteristics ; the cumulative contribution rate of the first three principal components in principal component analysis was 74.893 %, which described the variation of fruit color, size and texture traits in turn. The characteristic vector values of phenotypic indexes such as redness, greenness, blueness, brightness, brightness, grayness, perimeter, area, length, width, angular distance and energy value were higher, which could be used as an important reference factor for fruit quality evaluation. [ Conclusion ] This study provides a new method for the early breeding of fruit quality from the methods of computer vision and quantitative analysis modeling, and also finds a new way for the rapid non-destructive detection technology of fruit quality.

Niches and community stability of dominant herbaceous species of the forest and creek ecotone in Dehang Geopark

LONG Ziyu, WANG Zhicheng, ZHAO Rui, LIU Bing, CHEN Gongxi

2024,44(12):1954-1964 DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240365

[Abstract] (58) [HTML] (13) [PDF 2.07 M] (182)

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Abstract [Objective] The study aims to explore the ecological niche characteristics, interspecific connectivity, and community stability of dominant species in the herbaceous community of the Forest and Creek Ecotone in Dehang Geopark, providing theoretical support for in-depth research in this area. [Methods] The authors employed a suite of analytical methods including niche determination, variance ratio, Chi-square test, Spearman rank correlation test, and association coefficient to examine the ecological niches and interspecific associations of the dominant herbaceous species within three creek located in the Dehang Geopark park. [Results](1) In the Jiulong Creek and Yuquan Creek, Pilea pumila occupies the widest ecological niche, whereas in the Hangxia Creek, Boehmeria spicata has the broadest ecological niche. The average ecological niche overlap indices for Jiulong Creek, Hangxia Creek, and Yuquan Creek are generally low. This indicates that the interspecific competition among dominant species in the herbaceous communities of the forest and Creek Ecotone is weak, and there is not a high degree of similarity in the demand for environmental resources. (2) The overall and interspecific associations of the herbaceous plants in the three streams are mainly characterized by non-significant negative connections, with relatively low interspecific connectivity, and are mostly independently distributed. (3) The community is currently in an unstable state, and the succession and development of the herbaceous community are influenced by both internal and external factors of the community. [Conclusion] In the Dehang Geopark, the herbaceous community in the Forest and Creek Ecotone has weak interspecific associations, with species being independently distributed, indicating that the community is in an unstable state.

The propagation phenological phase and fruiting habits of the Nitraria tangutorum in the lower reaches of the Shiyang River

Liu Hujun, , Liu shujuan, , and

2024,44(12):1965-1972 DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20220914

[Abstract] (59) [HTML] (11) [PDF 596.55 K] (233)

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[Objective] Fruiting habits was the basis for the selection of plant varieties and scientific management, and the investigation of Nitraria tangutorum in the lower reaches of Shiyang River determined the propagation phenological phase and characteristics of fruit branches, fruit traits, providing a reference for excellent germplasm selection and cultivation management. [Methods] Combined with the biological and ecology survey method, the phenological and biological analysis methods were used to statistically analyze the phenology and fruit habits by the basis of the field investigation in the survey area. [Results] 3-year-old N. tangutorum began to flower and bear fruit. The flower buds differentiation in the same year, and the mixed bud would develop a fruit branch in the second year, and flowers and bears fruit. Both of vegetative branches and branches thorn could generate flower buds, of which 66.67% were vegetative branches. It was results that the mother branch grew fruit branches, vegetative branches, fruiting branches + vegetative branches and branches thorn, and the fruiting branches were significantly more than other types of branches (P0.05). The fruit shape of N. tangutorum was oblong, and the relationship between the trans verse diameter and its traits was greater than the longitudinal diameter, and it significantly affected the weight of the fresh fruit. The period from flower bud to fruit dropping of N. tangutorum was about 25 40 d, which flowering and fruit stage with the climate warm of the trend of advance and prolongation. The fruit traits would be affected by the environment. [Conclusion] The flowering and fruiting stages of N. tangutorum tended to advance and lengthen with climate warming, and the fruiting mother branch was a composite branch, and the branch type and fruiting were less affected by the habitat than that of fruit index.

Biodiversity characteristics of typical forest large samples in the Qinghai area of Qilian Mountain National Park

WANG Dinghui, SUONAN Cairang, Yu Hongyan, DU Yan''gong

2024,44(12):1973-1979 DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240336

[Abstract] (196) [HTML] (56) [PDF 678.46 K] (191)

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[Objective] By monitoring the long-term dynamic changes in the characteristics of plant communities in large forest plots, the spatial patterns and maintenance mechanisms of species diversity are revealed, providing a scientific basis for biodiversity conservation in the region. [Methods] This study takes the typical forest ecosystem as the research object in the Qinghai area of Qilian Mountain National Park. Furthermore, we used the adjacent grid method to conduct a survey of each tree in a 24 hm2 large sample plot. [Results] There was a total of 35 835 trees, of which Picea crassifolia and Juniperus przewalskii accounted for 57.84% and 23.82%, respectively. Species richness and plant height are 3 species and 10.7 m, respectively. Shannon-Wiener and Simpson index of spruce forest are 0.74 and 0.43, respectively, Shannon-Wiener index was relatively low. The Shannon-Wiener index is significantly influenced by tree height, species richness, and Simpson index. As the tree height increases, the Shannon-Wiener decreases, while the species richness and Simpson index increase significantly. The coefficients of determination for the training and testing sets of the machine learning model were 0.95 and 0.93, respectively, with root mean square errors of only 0.06 and 0.08. This indicates that the model has a high explanatory power and prediction accuracy for the Shannon-Wiener data. [Conclusion] In conclusion, increasing species richness and optimizing tree species structure could effectively enhance the biodiversity of the area.

Investigation and analysis of Composition and potential economic value of Shrub Resources in Qiqihar

CUI Lin, HAN Qin, ZHANG Qiang, ZHANG Yuzhu, HAN Qin, JIANG Xiancui

2024,44(12):1980-1987 DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240293

[Abstract] (77) [HTML] (29) [PDF 2.53 M] (169)

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【Objective】Shrub is an important vegetation type in Qiqihar area. To find out the current situation of shrub plant resources and its economic development potential can provide theoretical data for the development and utilization of shrub resources in this area.【Methods】The study utilized data inquiry, line transect, and quadrat investigation methods to analyze the species composition, distribution patterns, and ecological value of shrub resources in the Qiqihar area.【Results】The Qiqihar area is home to 185 species of shrub plants in 26 families and 57 genus, with angiosperms accounting for 97.30% of the total species. The predominant life forms are deciduous and upright shrubs, with most family genera being monospecific or oligospecific. The floristic composition is complex, mainly temperate in geographical distribution, representing 82.46% of the total genera, especially in the northern temperate flora characteristic of the region. Ornamental tree species hold the highest economic value among shrub resources, followed by medicinal, raw (oil), edible, and rough processing tree species; however, much of their potential value remains untapped. After careful selection, we have identified 10 economically viable shrubs suitable for development in the Qiqihar area—all of which are edible economic shrubs.【Conclusion】The shrub resources in the Qiqihar area are abundant in species, distributed across various families and genera, complex in floristic composition, and diverse in potential economic value. Edible shrub plants can be utilized to develop a regional characteristic shrub industry.

New Plant Taxa

Habenaria trichosantha Lindl., A Newly Recorded Orchid from China

ZHAO Mingxu, WANG Hengying, TAN Yunhong, SUN Xingxu, HU Xingrun, CHEN Fei

2024,44(12):1988-1992 DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240103

[Abstract] (109) [HTML] (16) [PDF 2.97 M] (177)

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[Objective] This paper reports the first occurrence of Habenaria trichosantha Lindl. (Orchidaceae) in China. Detailed anatomic photos of its blooming period are provided and the differences with its morphological close relatives are summarized. [Methods] Morphological observations were conducted based on the live individuals of domestic wild populations, and the main taxonomic features were photographed and recorded. [Results] H. trichosantha Lindl. was only recorded in the Eastern Himalayas and Indo-China Peninsula historically, which has been found in the Savanna ecosystem of Nujiang dry-hot valley, Western of Yunnan Province, it can be easily distinguished by its fan-shaped lip lateral-lobes with long and branched fringes from other species of the same genus. [Conclusion] H. trichosantha Lindl. is a newly recorded species in China, and this discovery further enriches the resources of wild orchids in China.

Reviews and Commentaries

Transcriptional Regulation of Suberin and Its Response to the Environment

ZHOU Yue, AN Yongping, MA Rong, WANG Pei

2024,44(12):1993-2006 DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240439

[Abstract] (154) [HTML] (84) [PDF 700.75 K] (283)

Abstract:
【Objective】 Suberin is a polyester-type biopolymer that specifically deposits in tissues such as the endodermis, periderm, seed coat, and wound epidermis of plants. Acting as a barrier between the plants and their environment, suberin controls the transport of water and solutes, protecting plants from environmental stresses and pathogenic invasion. This article reviews the key enzymes and transcription factors involved in suberin biosynthesis, discusses the impact of environmental factors on suberin synthesis and deposition, and looks ahead to future research directions.【Reviews】 The regulation of suberin involves various factors, including key enzymes such as β-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS), fatty acyl reductase (FAR), cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP family), and transcription factors such as MYB, NAC, WRKY, etc. Environmental factors also regulate the biosynthesis and deposition of suberin through complex signal transduction pathways. 【Prospect】 Future research should focus on the key regulatory nodes of suberin biosynthesis, particularly exploring the factors that influence species-specific deposition of suberin in crops. By leveraging multi-omics approaches to elucidate its transport, assembly, and post-transcriptional regulation mechanisms, there is potential to provide new strategies for enhancing nutrient use efficiency and stress resistance in crop genetic improvement.

Preliminary study on pathogenesis of Huangguo pear dry rot disease based on transcriptome sequencing

HE Fengying, BAI Luchao

Available online:January 16, 2025, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240353

[Abstract] (31) [HTML] (0) [PDF 4.61 M] (84)

Abstract:
[Objective]The dry rot disease of huangguo pear caused by Fusarium infestation seriously affects the yield and quality of huangguo pear and hinders the development of its industry. Analyze the expression of key genes in the process of huangguo pear response to dry rot pathogen infection, to provide theoretical basis for revealing its pathogenesis. [Methods] In this study, lllumina RNA-seq technique was used to sequence the transcriptome of Huangguo pear by inoculating stem with pathogenic as the disease group (HG) and blank PDA medium as the control group (HK). [Results](1) A total of 34.62 Gb of valid data was obtained for the six samples, and screened to 1,137 DEGs. among?which?548?were?up-regulated?and?589?were?down-regulated.(2) KEGG was significantly enriched to pathways such as plant pathogen interactions, starch and sucrose metabolism, photosynthesis-antenna proteins, and phenylalanine biosynthesis.(3) RT-qPCR expression levels of 10 DEGs were detected, and the trend of RT-qPCR and RNA-seq gene relativ

Genetic Diversity Analysis of 197 Foxtail Millet Accessions Based on SSR Markers

WEN Rui, ZHAO Yajie, JIA Yiming, JIN Xiaolei, ZHANG Yonghu

Available online:January 16, 2025, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240522

[Abstract] (30) [HTML] (0) [PDF 724.96 K] (76)

Abstract:
In this study, SSR molecular marker diversity analysis was performed on 197 foxtail millet germplasm resources such as local farm species and bred varieties ( lines ) from all over the country. The results showed that 12 pairs of SSR primers were polymorphic in 197 millet germplasm, and 173 alleles ( Na ) were detected, with an average of 14.417 alleles per primer. Shannon "s information index ( I ) ranged from 0.207 to 2.623, with an average of 1.621, of which 7 pairs of primers reached more than 1.5. The PIC values ranged from 0.074 to 0.894, with an average of 0.628. Eight pairs of primers were highly polymorphic ( PIC > 0.5 ). The results of molecular variance analysis ( AMOVA ) showed that the percentage of variation among populations of 197 foxtail millet germplasms was 12.0 %, and the percentage of variation within populations was 88.0 %, which was consistent with the genetic differentiation index ( Fst = 0.141 ), which may be caused by high gene flow ( Nm = 3.642 ). PCoA analysis divided 197 foxtail millet germplasms into four categories. The first principal component and the second principal component can explain 23.08 % and 20.33 % of the total variables, respectively. The results of principal component analysis showed that the populations with similar geographical locations were not preferentially clustered into one group, indicating that there may be no correlation between the genetic differences of each variety ( line ) and the relationship between regions. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the protection and utilization of millet germplasm resources, and provide a scientific basis for future millet breeding work and further scientific research and efficient utilization.

Study on the mechanism of improving tomato Fusarium Wilt resistance through resistant rootstock grafting

LU Panling, XUAN Lijie, ZHANG Hongmei, TIAN Shoubo, HE Kai, ZHANG Hui

Available online:January 15, 2025, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240552

[Abstract] (48) [HTML] (0) [PDF 1.96 M] (125)

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[Objective] The study aims to explore the effects of Fusarium oxysporum infection on physiological and biochemical indices of tomato resistant rootstock grafted seedlings, and to provide theoretical basis for revealing the mechanism of grafting in improving tomato resistance to Fusarium wilt. [Methods] Tomato disease-resistant material ‘FR’ was used as rootstock and the susceptible material ‘AC’ was used as scion. Grafting was conducted onto both resistant rootstocks and self-rooted plants of susceptible material. Pathogenesis, photosynthesis, antioxidant enzyme activity, hormone content and related gene expression were measured in both two types of grafted plants following infection with F. oxysporum. [Results] Compared with self-rooted plants, the disease index and incidence of Fusarium wilt disease of tomato grafted plants were significantly reduced by 95.6% and 90.7%, respectively. After F. oxysporum infection, grafted plants exhibited significantly higher photosynthetic parameters, such as net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and maximum photochemical efficiency, as well as increased jasmonic acid content and enhanced expression of genes in the JA signaling suppressor pathway, compared to self-rooted plants. The activities of SOD, POD, CAT, and APX in grafted plants were lower than those in self-rooted plants, while salicylic acid and aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate levels showed no significant differences. However, the expression of genes in the SA and ET signaling pathways, was higher in grafted plants than in self-rooted plants. [Conclusion] Grafting onto resistant rootstocks significantly enhances tomato resistance to Fusarium wilt. This increased resistance is primarily achieved through the improvement of leaf photosynthetic efficiency, regulation of antioxidant enzyme activity, and activation of systemic resistance via signaling pathways.

Analysis of nutritional components and miRNAs in flower buds during the sex differentiation in Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge

KANG Yifan, AO Yan

Available online:January 15, 2025, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240523

[Abstract] (28) [HTML] (0) [PDF 881.39 K] (85)

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[Objective] The purpose of the article is to study the effects of nutritional components and miRNAs on the sex differentiation of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge, and provide a basis for improving the sex ratio in future studies. [Methods] Non-structural carbohydrate content was measured using the anthrone colorimetric method. Mineral element content was measured via the Kjeldahl method, Mo-Sb colorimetric method, flame photometry, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. sRNA libraries were constructed to screen differentially expressed miRNAs. Functional enrichment analysis was performed using GO and KEGG. [Results] After the appearance of internal structural differences in male and female flowers (middle stages of differentiation), the contents of soluble sugars and starch in female flowers were significantly lower than that in male flowers. The content of Mg was significantly higher in female flowers, while the content of K, Cu, and Zn was significantly lower compared to male flowers. In the late stage，the content of K, Ca, Cu, and Zn was significantly lower in female flowers, and the content of P was consistently higher in female flowers during differentiation. Fourteen miRNAs were found to affect the anabolism of starch and sugar, among which four miRNAs were differentially expressed. 17 miRNAs affect the binding transport of Fe, Mn, Cu, Ca and Mg，and 5 miRNAs are differentially expressed. [Conclusion] High levels of K, Ca, Cu and Zn are beneficial to male flower development, while high levels of soluble sugar, starch, P and Mg are beneficial to female flower development. miR408 and miR396 affect sex differentiation by influencing the above factors indirectly.

Effects of 6-benzyl aminopurine on stomatal characteristics, dry matter distribution and tuber yield of potato

Wang JinYu, LIU Juan, YANG Hongyu, ZHANG Zhongfu, CHENG Lixiang, YU Bin

Available online:January 15, 2025, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240533

[Abstract] (31) [HTML] (0) [PDF 4.16 M] (86)

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[Objective] The effects of different concentrations of 6-benzyl aminopurine (6-BA) on leaf stomatal characteristics, dry matter distribution and yield of potato were investigated to provide a basis for the effective use of exogenous hormones to promote potato production. [Methods] The potted potato variety ‘Favorita’ in an artificial climate chamber was used as materials, and 0(CK), 15, 25, 35 mg/L 6-BA foliar spraying treatments were set up, respectively. Leaf stomatal characteristics, plant growth and physiological indexes were observed at different growth stages. After harvest, dry matter distribution and yield formation factors were analyzed. [Results] Compared with CK, the indexes of potato were improved and improved under 15 mg/L 6-BA treatment, but decreased and inhibited under other concentration treatment. Under 15 mg/L 6-BA treatment, the stomatal density of adaxial and abaxial surfaces of leaves increased significantly by 27.36% and 3.24%, respectively, compared with CK. The relative water content and transpiration rate of leaves increased by 6.32% and 2.75%, respectively. 15 mg/L 6-BA treatment could effectively increase the distribution proportion of dry matter in tubers, yield per plant, number of tubers per plant and the fresh weight of tubers by 9.33%, 40.49%, 20.09% and 17.31%, respectively, compared with the control. The stomatal density of adaxial and abaxial surfaces of leaves was significantly positively correlated with the number of tubers per plant (P<0.05). [Conclusion] Favorable concentration of exogenous 6-BA treatment could significantly increase the stomatal density of potato leaves, the proportion of dry matter in tubers and tuber yield, and the optimal concentration was 15 mg/L.

Effects of exogenous substances on root rot resistance and physiological characteristics of continuous cropping Codonopsis pilosula

HU Yurong, MA Lan, QIU Daiyu, XU Fengbin, CHEN Xianxian

Available online:January 14, 2025, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240582

[Abstract] (25) [HTML] (0) [PDF 1.87 M] (72)

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[Objective] The study aims to elucidate the effects of three exogenous substances on the root rot disease of continuously cropped Codonopsis and their impact on its physiological and biochemical properties, providing a reference for the use of these substances to alleviate the root rot disease associated with continuous cropping of Codonopsis. [Methods] Using one-year-old potted Codonopsis seedlings as experimental materials, we established a blank control, a pathogen infection treatment, and subsequent treatments with 28-homomethionine for root drenching, foliar spray, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and amino acid water-soluble fertilizer after infection. We investigated the inhibitory rate of the root rot disease in continuously cropped C. pilosula and the changes in its physiological and biochemical properties. [Results] The biocontrol bacteria B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens can significantly inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi infecting C. pilosula, with an inhibition rate of over 70%. The application of 28-homolinolenic acid through root drenching, foliar spray, and amino acid water-soluble fertilizer significantly increases chlorophyll content, enhances the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, POD and CAT, and markedly reduces cellular membrane damage and the extent of lipid peroxidation. Additionally, biocontrol treatments significantly decrease the accumulation of soluble sugars, MDA, proline and soluble proteins, restoring them to normal levels. [Conclusion] Biocontrol agents such as B. subtilis can effectively inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungal hyphae and the germination of spores. Plant growth regulators and amino acid water-soluble fertilizers can balance the osmotic adjustment system, enhance the antioxidant defense mechanism, promote photosynthesis, and strengthen the plant"s stress resistance.

New distribution data of five plant species in Shaanxi Province

WANG Chenxi, SUN Meng, HOU Dafu, LI Wenjun, LI Junfeng, KANG Bing

Available online:January 13, 2025, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240419

[Abstract] (43) [HTML] (0) [PDF 5.61 M] (72)

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[Objective] The purpose is to update and supplement the background information on wild plant resources in the Micangshan Nature Reserve of Shaanxi Province, and provide a theoretical basis for the effective conservation and rational use of wild plant resources. [Methods] Combined with the identification of specimens, the review of relevant literature and books, and the consultation of experts, the new record plant specimens of Shaanxi were collated and screened.[Results] Five species of plants were identified as having their first distribution in Shaanxi, including Stachyurus himalaicus Hook. f. et Thoms, Glochidion wilsonii Hutch, Trichosanthes laceribractea Hayata, Cayratia albifolia C. L. Li and Zingiber atrorubens Gagnep. [Conclusion] The new record of plants enriches the background data of angiosperms in Shaanxi Province. The new distribution of the five plant species is of some significance for the study of their origins and range shifts.

The effects of bamboo clump mulching on non-structural carbohydrates and stoichiometric characteristics of Dendrocalamus brandisii shoots

CAO Jianjie, HUI Chaomao, XIANG Ziqian, LIU Weiyi

Available online:January 13, 2025, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240555

[Abstract] (40) [HTML] (0) [PDF 1.26 M] (68)

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[Objective] The study aims to investigate the effects of bamboo clump mulching on non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) and carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry of Dendrocalamus brandisii shoot, and to clarify the response of shoot nutrient distribution to mulching measures, improve the cultivation technology and economic benefits. [Methods] A 10-year-old D.brandisii plantation in Mengtong Town, Baoshan City, Yunnan Province, was selected for the study. A randomized block design experiment was conducted with six dual-layer mulching treatments (BM, JM, YK, LN, GC, CK). The nutrient element distribution and characteristic differences in bamboo shoots under different mulching treatments were analyzed. [Results] (1) Mulching significantly reduced NSC, soluble sugars, and the sugar-to-starch ratio (P< 0.05). (2) Mulching had a significant effect on the content of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as their stoichiometric ratios (P< 0.05). (3) There was a significant correlation between NSC and C, N, P stoichiometric characteristics (P< 0.05). (4) The CK treatment performed best in the comprehensive analytical evaluation, the stoichiometric profile was highly plastic and adaptable. [Conclusion] Mulching inhibited the growth of D.brandisii to enhance resistance and adaptability to extreme environments by promoting its nutrient utilization, adjusting the conversion of soluble sugars and starch and the pattern of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus allocation, and forming an adaptive strategy of coupling and synergistic interactions among multiple elements.

Exploring Strategies of Different Plant Organs of Ramie to Tolerate the Cadmium Stress

LI Zhiwei, WU Yini, HE Congyu, XUE Shuai, JIE Yucheng, WU Shenglan

Available online:December 31, 2024, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240428

[Abstract] (41) [HTML] (0) [PDF 1.41 M] (103)

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Abstract [Objective] This study was designed to explore the tolerance strategies of different organs of ramie plants (Boehmeria nivea) to cadmium (Cd) stress. [Methods] Using the Cd-enriched germplasm "Xiangzhu XB" and the Cd-tolerant germplasm "Xiangzhu 3" as materials, a pot trial was conducted using that subjected to varying concentrations of Cd stress (0, 50, 100, 200 mg/kg). The subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Cd in different organs and the changes in the composition of underground organ cell walls were analyzed and compared. [Results] (1) To tolerant the Cd stress, ramie plant reduces the Cd translocation by adsorbing and immobilizing it in the cell walls and compartmentalizing within vacuoles. For example, over 90% of Cd2+ in the underground organs and leaves is immobilized through these mechanisms. (2) In the process of adapting to Cd stress, the Cd binding forms in different organs show a trend of shifting from highly mobile forms to less mobile ones. Under Cd stress, Cd in the underground organs predominantly exists in a NaCl-extractable form, accounting for more than 50% of the total Cd content. (3) Factors influencing Cd retention in underground organs include an increase in the cell wall components and the proportion of NaCl-extractable Cd in these organs. Additionally, the retention effect is influenced by the genotype. [Conclusion] The organs of ramie enhance Cd tolerance by altering the binding forms of Cd. The cell wall and vacuoles play important roles in improving Cd tolerance. The increase in major components of the cell wall in the underground organs contributes to Cd retention.

The effects of leaf extracts from three trees on the seeds germination and seedlings growth of Casuarina equisetifolia

WU Dongyang, CHEN can, Chen Guixin, He Ye, Chen Zengyan, Lin Han

Available online:December 25, 2024, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240496

[Abstract] (39) [HTML] (0) [PDF 1.28 M] (108)

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[Objective] The aim of the study is to investigate whether the environmental DNA (eDNA) of Casuarina equisetifolia protective forests inhibits seed germination and seedling growth of C. equisetifolia, thereby providing a theoretical basis for natural forest regeneration in the understory. [Methods] We used C. equisetifolia seeds as the research subject and extracted DNA extractions from fresh leaves of three distinct plants: C. equisetifolia, Acacia formosana, and Pinus elliottii. Subsequently, we prepared extraction solutions with concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, and 0.5 g/mL, as well as DNA extraction solutions with concentrations of 20, 200, and 2000 μg/mL. Additionally, we used DNA solutions from the three types of fresh leaves at a concentration of 2000 μg/mL to which an equal volume of DNaseΙ was added for degradation treatment. [Results] (1) The 0.1 g/ml extract of C. equisetifolia leaves inhibited seed germination, with the inhibitory effect increasing with concentration. The 0.5 g/mL concentration was identified as the threshold for allelopathic substances limiting seed germination, showing a low-concentration promotion and high-concentration inhibition effect. (2) High concentrations of self-derived eDNA significantly inhibited both seed germination and seedling growth of C. equisetifolia. A concentration of 2000 μg/mL of leaf DNA solution is likely the threshold for eDNA autotoxicity on seeds and seedlings. (3) Non-self eDNA had no significant effect on seed germination of C. equisetifolia. Both allelopathic autotoxic substances and self-derived eDNA caused significantly greater damage to seedling roots than to stems and leaves. [Conclusion] The germination of C. equisetifolia seeds and the subsequent growth of seedlings are markedly influenced by autotoxicity and elevated levels of endogenous DNA, resulting in the inhibition of natural regeneration within C. equisetifolia forests.

Physiological Effects of Exogenous Methyl Jasmonate on Jujube Seedlings under Salt Stress

LIANG Hanyun, LI Xiankuan, WANG Guangping, CHEN Jianing, ZHANG Jian

Available online:December 25, 2024, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240547

[Abstract] (45) [HTML] (0) [PDF 800.01 K] (136)

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[Objective] The study aims to investigate the effects of externally applied methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the growth and physiological characteristics of Jujube seedlings under salt stress, and to preliminarily analyze the optimal concentration and mechanism of MeJA to improve the salt tolerance of Jujube. [Methods] Taking jujube seedlings as materials, after 150 mmol/L NaCl stress for 10 d, 0, 100, 200, 400, 800 μmol/L MeJA was sprayed to analyze the changes of growth, photosynthetic parameters, and physiological indexes of stress resistance of seedlings under each treatment. [Results] After salt stress , the height, root length and relative water content of Jujube seedlings were suppressed, the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) of leaves were reduced, and the inter-cellular CO2 concentration (Ci) was elevated; the activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD, POD and CAT, the content of malondialdehyde, osmoregulatory substances proline, soluble sugar and reducing components flavonoids and polyphenols were elevated. The exogenous MeJA could effectively alleviate the adverse effects of salt stress on the growth and photosynthetic efficiency of Jujube seedlings, and further increase the activities of antioxidant enzymes, osmoregulators and reducing substances, and the degree of alleviation showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing with the increase of the concentration of MeJA, and the best effect was achieved with 200 μmol/L MeJA. [Conclusion] Exogenous MeJA can enhance the photosynthetic efficiency, osmoregulation ability and antioxidant enzyme defense function of Jujube seedlings under salt stress, effectively alleviate the growth inhibition of salt stress, and thus improve the salt tolerance of plants.

Identification, evolution and expression analysis of the GST gene family in pepper

LIU Yanfei, DUAN Weike, TANG Kai, XIA Ling, ZHANG Linqing, HUANG Zhinan

Available online:December 24, 2024, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240511

[Abstract] (36) [HTML] (0) [PDF 4.39 M] (97)

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[Objective] The Glutathione S-transferase （GST） genes play a critical role in plant growth and development as well as abiotic stress responses. Exploring the basic characteristics and expression patterns of CaGSTs will provide genetic resources and references for in-depth research on the gene function of CaGST in peppers and molecular stress resistance breeding of vegetables. [Methods] The GST gene family was analyzed with the bioinformatics methods in genome of pepper, and the physical and chemical properties of protein, the gene structure, chromosome localization and evolutionary relationship were determined. Transcriptome data were utilized to examine the expression characteristics of GST genes in various tissues and fruits during varying developmental stages. The expression profiles were also analyzed under variant abiotic stresses using RT-qPCR. [Results] 72 GST members were identified in the whole genome of "CM334" pepper, randomly distributed on 10 chromosomes, with the highest distribution on chromosome 9. Evolutionary analysis showed that CaGST was categorized into 10 subfamilies, with significant differences in gene structure between groups, and tandem duplication caused the expansion of this gene family. Expression analysis showed that CaGST was tissue specific, in which CaGSTZ1 was highly expressed in the late stage of pericarp and placenta development. Under abiotic stress, GaGSTU14, CaMGST1, CaTCHQD1 and CaGSTF3 responded significantly to low temperature, high temperature, salt and drought, respectively. [Conclusion] CaGSTZ1 plays an important role in fruit development, and CaGSTU14 and CaGSTF3 genes may be the key genes for pepper to resist high and low temperatures.

Analysis of chloroplast genome characteristics and adaptive evolution of four Anna species

YANG Shengjie, WANG Lisheng, DENG Yongbiao, LI Wenhai, ZHAO Bo

Available online:December 23, 2024, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240561

[Abstract] (54) [HTML] (0) [PDF 5.54 M] (109)

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Abstract [Objective] To clarify the structural characteristics of the chloroplast genomes of four Anna species. in order to provide a scientific basis for its species identification and adaptive evolutionary studies in different habitats. [Methods] Chloroplast genomes were sequenced using Illumina HiSeq high-throughput sequencing. After assembly, the chloroplast genome characteristics were analyzed, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed. Adaptive evolution analysis was performed using EasyCodeML v1.21 software. [Results] Each chloroplast genomes of four Anna species had a typical tetrameric structure, with length of 154 047-154 056 bp, and encoding a total of 132-134 genes. The codon bases tend to end with two bases A and U. 173 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were detected. The phylogenetic analysis supported that A. rubidiflora was a variety of A. ophiorrhizoides. Twelve chloroplast protein coding genes with positive selection sites were detected by adaptive evolution analysis, most of which were related to photosynthesis, fatty acid synthesis, and protein synthesis. [Conclusion] The chloroplast genome characteristics of four species of Anna were similar, and the adaptive evolution of 12 chloroplast protein coding genes might contribute to the adaptation of this species to extreme habitats such as Danxia and Karst.

Effect of on Photosynthetic Characteristics in Leaves of Invasive species Bidens frondosa and its Native Associated Lactuca indica at Different Irradiances

LIAO Da, LI Binlin, SONG Wei, ZHOU Bing, SU Qitao, YAN Xiaohong

Available online:December 20, 2024, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240506

[Abstract] (49) [HTML] (0) [PDF 550.32 K] (128)

Abstract:
[Objective] To explore the effects of different irradiances on the photosynthetic characteristics of invasive plant Bidens frondosa and native species Lactuca indica, and to provide reference for revealing the invasion mechanism and control of Bidens frondosa. [ Method ] The differences of photosynthetic characteristics of two species leaves under 100 % (I1), 40 % (I2), 24 % (I3) and 14 % (I4) irradiances were compared. [ Results ] (1) According to the fitting parameters of light response curves, under 100% irradiance, the maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pmax) and light saturation point (LSP) of B. frondosa were significantly higher than that of L. indica, while the light compensation point (LCP) was lower than that of L. indica. Under 14 % irradiance, LSP was higher than that of L. indica, while LCP and dark respiration rate (Rd) were significantly lower than that of L. indica. The respiration efficiency (RE) of B.frondosa was significantly higher than that of L.indica under different irradiances. It showed that B.frondosa had a wider range of adaptation to irradiances. (2) Under the lowest (14%) and highest (100%) irradiances, the chlorophyll content of B.frondosa was significantly higher than that of L.indica, and the carotenoid content of B.frondosa was significantly higher than that of L.indica under 100% irradiance. (3) According to the fitting parameters of CO2 response curves, the carboxylation efficiency (CE), the maximum carboxylation rate of Rubisco (Vc max) and the maximum regeneration rate of RuBP (Jmax) of B.frondosa were significantly higher than that of L.indica under 100 % irradiance. Under 14 % irradiance, the CE value was lower than that of L.indica, and the Vcmax was significantly higher than that of L.indica. Under 100 % light intensity, the photorespiration (RP) of L. indica without CO2 was higher than that of L. indica, while Rp decreased under medium and low light intensity, which was lower than that of L. indica. (4) Pmax, Rd, CE, Amax, Rp and Jmax of B.frondosa had higher plasticity than that of native species L. indica, while the RE value and carotenoid content of L. indica had higher plasticity. [ Conclusion ] Under different irradiances, invasive species B.frondosa showed higher photosynthetic capacity and photosynthetic physiological plasticity, and showed stronger adaptability to light heterogeneity. These characteristics would enhance the invasiveness of the invasive species B.frondosa, and contributed to its invasion.

Cloning, bioinformatics and expression pattern of HvnJAR1 and HvnJAR2 genes in hulless barley

AN Likun, WANG Ziao, Kelsangdrolma, CUI Yongmei, BAI Yixiong, WU Kunlun

Available online:December 20, 2024, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240495

[Abstract] (41) [HTML] (0) [PDF 5.51 M] (94)

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[Objective] Jasmonate-amido synthetase gene is a crucial component of the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway in plants. This study aimed to explore the protein structure and expression pattern of HvnJAR1 and HvnJAR2, providing insights into the JA signaling pathway in hulless barley. [Methods] Bioinformatics analysis and qPCR were used for analyzing the protein structure and expression patterns of HvnJAR1 and HvnJAR2. [Results] HvnJAR1 and HvnJAR2 promoter regions contained elements associated with phytohormones and stress responses. Both HvnJAR1 and HvnJAR2 has no signal peptide and transmembrane, but had a highly conserved GH3 domain. HvnJAR1 and HvnJAR2 were localized in the chloroplast and most closely related to BdJAR1 and BdJAR2. HvnJAR1 and HvnJAR2 had similar secondary, tertiary, cavity and channel structures. HvnJAR1 exhibited stronger binding ability for the HvnGST dimer compared with HvnJAR2. HvnJAR1 and HvnJAR2 were highly expressed in seeds, anthers, and tillers compared with other tissues, and their expression was induced by low temperature, drought, NaCl, MeJA, and ABA. [Conclusion] HvnJAR1 and HvnJAR2 may play significant roles in regulating growth and responding to adversity in hulless barley.

Effects of biochar combined with nitrogen application on Paulownia fortunei seed germination of under Cd stress

ZHU Xiuhong, JI Shuang, YANG Huihuan, RU Guangxin

Available online:December 19, 2024, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240423

[Abstract] (35) [HTML] (0) [PDF 1.67 M] (127)

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[Objective] The study aims to investigate the physiological mechanism of biochar with nitrogen application on mitigating the germination of paulownia seeds under Cd stress, and to provide a reference for the application of biochar and nitrogen for remediation of Cd-contaminated soil. [Methods] Taking the seeds of "Paulownia 1201" as the test material, we investigated the effects of applying different concentrations of Paulownia biochar treatment solution with nitrogen on the germination characteristics, antioxidant levels, osmotic substances and nutrient levels of Paulownia seeds under Cd stress. [Results] (1) The single application of biochar and nitrogen or the combination of the two could promote seed germination, and the seed germination potential, germination rate, germination index, and vitality index were all increased. The length, root length, fresh weight, SS, SP, and free amino acid content of young shoots increased with the increase of treatment solution concentration and reached the maximum value under 5 g/L biochar treatment, while starch content decreased. (2) When biochar or nitrogen was applied alone, GR, Pro, and MDA contents were significantly decreased, while H2O2 contents were not significantly decreased, but Pro and H2O2 contents were all minimized under 5 g/L biochar treatment. In addition, APX activity showed a tendency of increasing and then decreasing with the increase of germination time. (3) When the two were combined, APX and GR activities reached the maximum value, MDA and H2O2 contents were significantly reduced, and Pro content increased but not significantly. The overall improvement effect was biochar with nitrogen > biochar > nitrogen. [Conclusion] The application of biochar and nitrogen can enhance the antioxidant and osmoregulation ability of paulownia seeds, promote the accumulation of nutrients, and significantly promote seed germination, especially the best effect of biochar with nitrogen treatment.

Research Progress on Analysis of the Characteristics of Extra-early Sprouting Tea Cultivar and the Regulatory Mechanism of Early Sprout

GUO Xiaoyu, WANG Xi, SHEN Gaojian, LUO Liyong, YUAN Lianyu, ZENG Liang

Available online:April 03, 2025, DOI:

[Abstract] (4) [HTML] (0) [PDF 0.00 Byte] (0)

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[Objective] China is the country with the largest planting area of tea trees, and the spring sprouting time of tea trees is an im-portant factor affecting the economic benefit. The extra-early sprouting tea trees in spring is the best material for making fa-mous early spring green tea. Germplasm resources of extra-early sprouting tea plants in China are relatively scarce, breeding process is slow, and the germinating time is affected by many factors. In this paper, the characteristics of germplasm resources, the progress of cultivar cultivation and the mechanism of early bud were reviewed. [Reviews] We summarized the progress in the cultivation of extra-early sprouting tea trees, and summarized the early bud mechanism of extra-early sprouting tea trees by combining the changes of endogenous hormones (GA, ABA, etc.), genetic factors (DAM, SOC1, DELLA, ABF, PP2C, NF-YCs etc.) and external environmental signals (temperature, light, etc.). [Prospect] The summary and elaboration of germplasm re-sources、 the internal and external factors of the early bud occurrence and regulation mechanism of the extra-early sprouting tea cultivar can provide theoretical reference for promoting germplasm innovation of extra-early sprouting tea cultivar and tea garden management in early spring.

Cloning and Analysis of Flowering Gene LFY from Early-maturing Rape (Brassica napus L.)

AI Yu-fang¹, CHEN Guan-shui¹, ZHOU Yi-fei², ZHANG Mei¹, 3, PAN Da-ren^1*

2012,32(10):1965-1970, DOI:

[Abstract] (5339) [HTML] (0) [PDF 3.06 M] (36428)

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RG-8M,early-maturing mutant of late-maturing rape RG-8,was used in the present study.A LEAFY（LFY） homologue gene named BnLFY was cloned from RG-8M with the method of homologous cloning.The full length of BnLFY cDNA was 1 310 bp and contained a complete open reading frame of 1 248 bp,which encoded 415 amino acids residues.As other dicotyledon LFY-like proteins,the deduced amino acid sequence of BnLFY gene had several special regions such as N terminal proline rich region,the central acidic domain,the leucine zipper structure and the lysine and arginine-rich basic region.The result of sequencing indicated that the BnLFY protein shared more than 84% amino acid sequence identity with LFY-like proteins of several cruciferous plants.Transcriptional analysis showed the BnLFY gene expressed constitutively in rape.

Construction and phenotypic analysis of EMS mutant library of seed-used pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.)

SUN Mingyang, WANG Ping

2024,44(8):1283-1294, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240121

[Abstract] (202) [HTML] (0) [PDF 10.06 M] (22023)

Abstract:
【Objective】To accelerate the innovation process of germplasm resources of seed-used pumpkin by constructing a mutant library, which is of great significance for variety selection, improvement and broadening of the genetic base. 【Methods】 Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), a 1.8% mutagen, was used to treat ZHL4 seeds of seed-used pumpkin for 15h. Then, phenotypic variation was observed in single plants of the M1 and M2 generation populations, and microstructural observation was made on the mutant strain ZHL4-33 of the M2 population. 【Results】 (1) A total of 242 mutant plants with 45 phenotypic variations were screened in the M2 population, and the types of variation covered all growth periods and plant organs of the mutant plants, with a total mutation frequency of 25.17%. (2) The leaf microstructure showed that the thickness of the fenestrated tissue of the mutant was significantly higher than that of the wild type, the arrangement was compact, and the traces of the vascular layer were obvious; the stem microstructure showed that the vascular bundles of the mutant were more and densely packed, the diameter of the conduit was smaller than that of the wild type, and the pith was well developed, with a small cell gap and an increase in the number of cells. 【Conclusion】 A mutant library of 425 M2 lines has been constructed, which lays a material foundation for the study of the functional genome of seed-used pumpkin and the selection and breeding of new varieties of seed-used pumpkin.

Induction of innate immune physiological responses in pepper seedlings by chitin and flg22

GONG Xuefeng, XU Yi, SONG Zhanfeng, CHEN Xin, CHEN Qiong, HOU Sihao

2024,44(8):1190-1200, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20230710

[Abstract] (516) [HTML] (0) [PDF 1.01 M] (21412)

Abstract:
[Objective] To clarify the characteristics of innate immune physiological responses induced by chitin and flagellin-derived peptide flg22 in pepper seedlings, and to explore the relationship between innate immune physiological responses and pepper multiple resistance to diseases. [Methods] Five local pepper cultivars from Sichuan were used as experimental materials in this study. The disease indexes of bacterial wilt and phytophthora blight in pepper seedlings were analyzed. Meanwhile seedlings were cultured by hydroponics and treated with chitin and flg22 exogenously. Among different pepper cultivars， under different induction times, seedling root growth, stomata aperture, callose deposition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, SOD, CAT activities as well as the changes of related gene expression were checked . Then the physiological responses and theirs relationship with disease resistance were evaluated comprehensively by using biostatistics.[Results] (1) The results showed that the lowest disease index of bacterial wilt and phytophthora blight was 'CT10' cultivar, was the strongest disease resistance, and the highest disease index of bacterial wilt and phytophthora blight was 'TJ' cultivar, was the weakest disease resistance.(2) Exogenous chitin and flg22 inhibited the root growth rate of pepper seedlings in five cultivars, induced stomatal closure on detached leaves, promoted the accumulations of callose deposition in leaf cell wall, increased ROS content constantly with improved SOD and CAT activities continuously. By calculating the average membership function value of the innate immune physiological response index of each different cultivar, it showed that the highest was 'CT10' and the lowest was 'TJ'. The average membership function value has a significant negative correlation with the disease index of bacterial wilt and phytophthora blight .(3) Exogenous flg22 and chitin induced some innate immune involved genes of 'CT10' seedlings significantly upregulation expressions, like CaWRKY22, CaMAPK7 and ChiIV3.[Conclusion] Exogenous flg22 and chitin induced the innate immune physiological responses in pepper seedlings, and the strength of the responses showed different among different varieties. Based on the membership function, the disease resistance level of pepper varieties was evaluated comprehensively. The results showed the average membership function of 'CT10' was the highest and the multi-resistance level was the best, which was related to the significant up-regulated expression of innate immune involved genes CaWRKY22, CaMAPK7 and ChiIV3.

Cloning, Expression, and Function analysis of MADS-box Transcription Factor CaRIN Gene from Capsicum annuum

DUAN Minjie, YANG Xiaomiao, LI Yifei, HUANG Renzhong, HUANG Qizhong, ZHANG Shicai

2024,44(8):1239-1249, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240111

[Abstract] (335) [HTML] (0) [PDF 3.98 M] (20899)

Abstract:
【Objective】 The study aims to explore the expression characteristics and function of RIN gene of MADS-box, and analyze its impact on the metabolism of carotenoids in pepper. 【Methods】 Based on the transcriptome of pepper fruit development, the full-length CDS of MADS-box transcription factor CaRIN gene related to chili ripening was cloned. Then the bioinformatics, expression patterns, subcellular localization, and transcriptional activation activity were conducted, and the effects of VIGS-induced CaRIN gene silencing on carotenoid metabolism were investigated. 【Results】 (1) The CDS region of CaRIN gene was 732 bp in length. The CaRIN gene encoded a protein containing 243 amino acids with a protein molecular weight of 27.95 kD and an isoelectric point (pI) of 7.06. The CaRIN protein has typical MEF2_ Like MADS domain, belonging to the MICK type transcription factor. (2) CaRIN gene is mainly expressed in flowers and fruits with tissue specificity. CaRIN was located in the nucleus and had transcriptional activation activity. (3) The promoter of CaRIN gene had several hormone response elements such as ABRE, and exogenous ABA and ethephon could accelerate the red turning of fruit and induce the high expression of CaRIN and related genes. (4) After VIGS-induced gene silencing of CaRIN, the expression levels of PSY1, CCS, PDS, CRTZ, LCYB and NCED1 of the carotenoid metabolic pathway genes were decreased by 0.27-0.59 times and the total carotenoid content in fruits (0.379 mg/g) was also significantly decreased compared with the control group (0.650 mg/g). 【Conclusion】 CaRIN may be an important regulatory factor of carotenoid metabolism in capsicum fruit.

Effect of 2,4-epibrassinolide on the growth and physiological characteristics of common bean seedings under saline and alkaline stresses

Ma Yuanyuan, Wang Zhi, Cao Jinping, Luo Xinrui, Wang Yuping

2024,44(8):1181-1189, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240138

[Abstract] (372) [HTML] (0) [PDF 945.50 K] (20897)

Abstract:
Abstract 【Objective】In order to explore the physiological mechanism of exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide (2,4-EBR) in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings under saline-alkali stress conditions.【Methods】Using ''Shanxi Red Common Bean'' as the test material, we studied the effects of saline-alkali stress at 100mmol/L (50mmol/LNaCl+50mmol/LNaHCO3, XP), effects of exogenous spraying of 0.1 mg/L 2,4-EBR and 4.0 mg/L Brassinozole (BRZ) on the growth, photosynthetic gas parameters, antioxidant enzyme activity and osmotic adjustment substance content of common bean seedlings , and perform correlation and principal component analysis.【Results】Under saline-alkali stress, common bean leaves curled and withered, and plant height, leaf area, main root length, synthetic pigment content, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), and stomatal conductance (Gs) all decreased significantly (P<0.05) , proline (Pro), soluble sugar (SS) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbic acid peroxidase (APX) activities, Relative conductivity (REC), malondialdehyde (MDA) and intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci) were significantly increased (P<0.05). Exogenous spraying of 2,4-EBR can alleviate the wilting and curling of leaves caused by salt-alkali stress, and the plant growth condition gradually improves.?At the same time, it effectively reduces the REC, MDA and Ci of seedling leaves, and significantly increases plant height, leaf area, Primary root length, Pro, SS, Pn, Tr and Gs as well as SOD, POD, CAT and APX activities, but these salt-alkali resistance effects of common beans induced by exogenous 2,4-EBR were reversed after adding BRZ.【Conclusion】 Exogenous 2,4-EBR treatment can reduce membrane lipid peroxidation damage caused by salt-alkali stress by increasing antioxidant system enzyme activity and osmotic adjustment substance content in common bean leaves. It effectively removes the non-stomatal limiting factors that weaken the photosynthesis of common bean seedlings under saline-alkali stress, maintains the photosynthetic activity of the seedlings, promotes seedling growth, and enhances the salt-alkali resistance of common bean seedlings.

Anatomical Study of Nectar Gland Development and Changes in Sugar Content in Caucasian Clover (Trifolium ambiguum Bieb. )

TI Zhonghui, WANG Mingjiu

2024,44(8):1305-1311, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20230847

[Abstract] (252) [HTML] (0) [PDF 3.00 M] (20810)

Abstract:
【Objective】Caucasian clover (Trifolium ambiguum Bieb.) is an excellent nectar source plant, and understanding the morphological characteristics, tissue structure, and development was critical for its reasonable utilization.【Methods】Well-grown standard plants of Caucasian clover were selected and sampled at different developmental periods of the florets, i.e., flower bud visible, petal visible, floret with white petal, floret with pink petal, and floret withered. The paraffin sectioning technology was used to observe the cell and tissue structure of the florets. The starch and soluble sugars including sucrose, fructose, and glucose were determined by capillary aspiration and physiological kit and spectrophotometry at the flower bud visible, petal visible, floret with white petal, floret with pink petal, and floret withered. 【Results】The results showed that: (1) The nectar amount of a individual floret was 0.394±0.095 μL, and the nectar amount per meter square was 4536.93±1319.34 μL. (2) The stamens nectar gland was located at the base of the inner filament of the 9-stamen-combined. The nectar gland tissue had obvious dynamic changes in the starch granules during the whole honey secretion process after PAS staining, which evidenced it was the amyloid nectar gland. (3) The soluble sugar content of floret was the highest at floret with pink petal stage with 7.978 mg/g. Fructose accounted for the largest proportion among the soluble sugar category, peaked at the floret with white petal stage with 66%, decreased gradually after this stage. The starch content accounted for 81%~82% of the total soluble sugar content with a maximum value of 35.173 mg/g at the floret with pink petal stage and the minimum value of 24.168 mg/g at floret with white petal stage. 【Conclusion】The nectar glands of the Caucasus clover belong to the stamens nectar glands, which are composed of secretory epidermal cells and nectar cells. The raw honey is provided by the vascular bundles adjacent to the nectar glands, processed into honey by the nectar gland cells, and finally secreted from the stomata of the epidermis. The soluble sugar content of Caucasus clover florets was the highest in the full flowering stage, and the proportion of fructose was the largest.

Cloning and Disease Resistance Function Analysis of the Potato Phytosulfokine Gene StPSK4

WANG Xiang, NIU Yang, XUE Xiaofei, CHENG Shengyang, LU Haibin

2024,44(8):1218-1228, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240237

[Abstract] (276) [HTML] (0) [PDF 7.13 M] (20792)

Abstract:
【Objective】 The study aims to provide a theoretical basis for potato disease resistance breeding by investigating the characteristics of the potato defensin gene StPSK4 and conducting a functional analysis of its role in potato disease resistance. 【Methods】 The authors Utilized bioinformatics techniques for a systematic analysis of StPSK4, conducting transcriptome sequencing analysis to study the tissue-specific expression patterns of StPSK4 under biotic and abiotic stress conditions, assessing the plant innate immune responses and sensitivity to Pseudomonas syringae in StPSK4 overexpressing plants. 【Results】 The cDNA full length of the StPSK4 gene was 457 bp, encoding 100 amino acids; StPSK4 contains a signal peptide, with its tertiary structure mainly composed of α-helices and random coils; The C-terminus of PSK4 contains the defensin sequence YIYTQ; StPSK4 shared a high similarity of over 80% with Solanaceae crops; StPSK4 was highly expressed in potato sprouts and petioles, and showed strong responses to abiotic stresses such as high temperature, salt, P. syringae, and Phytophthora infestans. Transgenic potato plants overexpressing StPSK4 had been constructed and obtained. Overexpression of StPSK4 suppressed ROS burst in potato, defensed marker gene expression, and enhanced resistance to P. syringae. 【Conclusion】 StPSK4 was involved in potato stress response and suppressed potato's disease resistance function.

Diurnal variation characteristics of photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence of six grape varieties at greenhouse in Hotan area

GUO Yawen, XUE Jing, SONG Guangyong, SU Xuede, YANG Keqing, ZHOU Long

2024,44(8):1208-1217, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20230735

[Abstract] (199) [HTML] (0) [PDF 860.15 K] (20731)

Abstract:
[Objective] The diurnal variation characteristics of photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence of greenhouse grape varieties in Hotan area were discussed, and their photosynthetic capacity was comprehensively evaluated, so as to provide reference for the introduction and cultivation management measures of greenhouse grapes in this area. [Methods] Six grape varieties ‘Hutai 8’‘Queen Nina’‘Summer Black’‘Sunshine Muscat’‘Xinyu’ and ‘Crimson Seedless’ were introduced into Hotan greenhouse as experimental materials. The photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of each variety were measured and analyzed, and the principal component analysis was used to comprehensively evaluate the ability of each table grape variety. [Results] (1) The photosynthetically active radiation of greenhouse in different positions in general shows that before the shed>behind the shed>middle the shed, and the overall performance in different trellis in general shows that on the trellis＞middle the trellis＞under the trellis. (2) The SPAD values of grape leaves on different trellis was shown as on the trellis＞middle the trellis＞under the trellis, and the order from high to low among varieties was ‘Crimson Seedless’‘Summer Black’‘Xinyu’‘Hutai 8’‘Sunshine Muscat’‘Queen Nina’.(3) The diurnal variation of Pn、Gs and Tr of each variety showed a bimodal curve, and the diurnal variation of Ci showed a U-shaped and W-shaped variation.Fv/Fo and Fv/Fm generally showed a downward trend and then an upward trend. (4) The photosynthetic capacity of six grape varieties was ‘Crimson Seedless’>‘Summer Black’ >‘Sunshine Muscat’ >‘Xinyu’>‘Hutai 8’>‘Queen Nina’. [Conclusion] ‘Crimson Seedless’ and ‘Summer Black’ have higher Pn、Gs、Tr、Fo、Fm and lower Fv/Fo and Fv/Fm compared to other varieties, and are better adapted to the Hotan area, able to adapt to the local environment of high temperature and highlight intensity facilities.

Characterization of repetitive sequences in Leymus secalinus and chromosomal distribution in related species

CHEN Jie, LI Yuan, YANG Ying, LIU Bo, DOU Quanwen

2024,44(8):1273-1282, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20230751

[Abstract] (241) [HTML] (0) [PDF 4.36 M] (20706)

Abstract:
[Objective] Leymus Hochst stands as a crucial genetic resource for the genetic improvement and breeding of cereal crops. However, as allopolyploids, their genome origin remains unclear. [Methods] Genomic Cot-1DNA library of Leymus secalinu was constructed, clones of which were sequenced and analyzed. A few of repetitive sequences were physically mapped in chromosomes of L. secalinus, L. racemousus, and Psathyrostachy juncea by Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). [Results] (1)The repetitive sequences of the Cot-1DNA of L. secalinus could be classified into 4 types based on their expected genomic distribution patterns, tandem repeats (TaiI, Lt1-6, pTa535 and pSc250 family), dispersed repeats (retrotransposable LTR and transposable elements), tandem mixed dispersed repeats (LTR plus Afa-family and N8-family plus LZ-NBS-LRR), and uncharacterized repeats, and which represented 32.4%, 45.7%, 12.4% and 9.5% of the Cot-1DNA, respectively. (2) The hybridization sites number of tandem repeats TaiI, Lt1-6, pTa535 and pSc250 were highly varied from 7-20, 1-14, 17-26 and 0-24 respectively, across different species and accessions. (3) Ten LTR repeats hybridized the tested species chromosomes mainly by 3 patterns: First, hybridizations distributed in centromere, pericentromere, and intercalary regions in all chromosomes. Second, hybridizations were all over the chromosomes. Third, Hybridizations were as the same as the pattern 1 except a few chromosomes carrying telomeric hybridizations. Two LTR/copia sequences were detected only in L. secalinus, while the others were detected in all tested species and accessions but with polymorphisms in hybridization intensities or hybridization patterns in partial chromosomes. [Conclusion] The results suggested rather fast-evolving repetitive sequences in Leymus genome, and supported hypothesis that the dispersed elements must have spread across genomes, thus homogenizing the nuclear genomes of Leymus during the allopolyploidization process.

Effect of bagging and shading on the contents of sugar acid and flavonoids in Cerasus humilis

YANG Yu, YAN Songtao, FU Hongbo, WANG Pengfei, DU Junjie, MU Xiaopeng

2024,44(8):1201-1207, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20230757

[Abstract] (253) [HTML] (0) [PDF 563.06 K] (20682)

Abstract:
【Objective】 To investigate the effects of different light exposure durations and intensities on the sugar, acid, and flavonoid contents of Cerasus humilis fruits, and to provide a reference basis for further exploration of the molecular mechanisms underlying the influence of light exposure on fruit quality. 【Methods】 The C. humilis varieties ''Nongda 6'' and ''Nongda 7'' were used as experimental materials. Fruit bags with three different light transmission rates (30%, 55%, and 100%) were respectively applied during the fruit enlargement period and color conversion period to measure the fruit weight, titratable acid content, soluble solids content, and flavonoid content. 【Results】(1) The single fruit weight and soluble solids content of both varieties were lower during the fruit enlargement period than during the color conversion period, and both decreased gradually with increasing light-blocking rate of the fruit bags. (2) The titratable acid content of ''Nongda 6'' was significantly reduced under bagging treatment, and the higher the light blocking rate of the fruit bag and the longer the bagging time, the more pronounced the reduction in acidity. In contrast, the titratable acid content of ''Nongda 7'' was less affected. (3) The flavonoid content of bagged ''Nongda 6'' was higher than the control, increasing first and then decreasing with the increase in light-blocking rate of the fruit bag, and the content during the fruit enlargement period was higher than that during the color conversion period. The flavonoid content of bagged ''Nongda 7'' was significantly higher than the control only at a 30% light-blocking rate, and the content during the fruit enlargement period was significantly lower than that during the color conversion period. The content increased gradually with the increase in light-blocking rate during the fruit enlargement period, while it first decreased and then increased during the color conversion period. 【Conclusion】 Bagging can effectively improve the sugar, acid, and flavonoid contents of C. humilis fruits. Furthermore, bagging during the fruit enlargement period is suitable for ''Nongda 6'', while bagging during the color conversion period is more effective for ''Nongda 7''. Both varieties show the best overall improvement in sugar, acid, and flavonoid contents with a 55% light-blocking rate on the fruit bag.

Comparison of the Leaf Epidermal Micromorphology between Female and Male Idesia polycarpa Maxim.

YIN Dandan, SU Shang

2024,44(8):1312-1320, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240070

[Abstract] (202) [HTML] (0) [PDF 2.58 M] (20673)

Abstract:
【Objective】The study aimed to explore the micromorphological characteristics of leaf epidermis of Idesia polycarpa Maxim. and compare differences between the female and male plants, and provide references for the mining and utilization of this germplasm resources. 【Methods】The leaf epidermal micro-configurations of 40 plants of I. polycarpa (half female and half male) were characterized with scanning electron microscopy. Meanwhile, 12 stomatal traits were measured, and the similarities and differences among samples were analyzed. 【Results】(1) The leaf epidermal hair, cell morphology, stomatal characteristics and wax pattern of both female and male I. polycarpa were similar. Its dense, conical conicoid-like wax covered on the abaxial epidermis was rarely observed in other plants. (2) The leaf stomatal size (length, width, area and perimeter) and density related parameters of female I. polycarpa were slightly higher than those of male samples. On the contrary, leaf stomatal pore related parameters (stomatal pore width, stomatal opening area and stomatal opening level) were slightly higher in male samples. But all differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). (3) Most stomatal traits were significantly correlated with each other, while stomatal density was rarely related with others and was supposed to be genetically regulated independently. 【Conclusion】The present study firstly expounded the leaf epidermal micromorphological characteristics of I. polycarpa, and indicated that the conical conicoid-like wax pattern could be used as a key basis for germplasm evaluation, and the stomatal parameters were of great significance for gender determination of its young seedlings.

QTL mapping and Candidate Gene Identify of Seed Glucosinolate Content in Brassica napus

ZHAO Weiguo, TA Na, WANG Hao

2024,44(8):1261-1272, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240120

[Abstract] (183) [HTML] (0) [PDF 984.20 K] (20673)

Abstract:
【Objective】To explore the genetic loci and candidate genes of glucosinolate content in Brassica napus, 【Methods】 The phenotype data for glucosinolate content of a double haploid (DH) population named KN population was surveyed in the year 2013-2017 for QTL mapping and identification of candidate genes using composite interval mapping by Wincart 2.5 software based on the high-density SNP genetic linkage map. 【Results】A total of 47 identified QTLs for glucosinolate content were detected, individual QTLs could explain 2.48%–19.63% of the phenotypic variation, of which qGC.16YL19-4 was the maximum phenotypic variation of 19.44% and qGC.15YL12-5 was the minimum phenotypic variation of 1.82%. 47 identified QTLs were integrated into 38 consensus QTL by meta-analysis. Seven environment stable expression QTLs (cqGC.A9-5, cqGC.A9-7, cqGC.A9-9, cqGC.C2-9, cqGC.C2-10, cqGC.C9-5 and cqGC.C9-6) for glucosinolate content were identified, including three major QTLs (cqGC.A9-5, cqGC.C2-10 and cqGC.C9-5). Three candidate genes (BnaA09g05480D, BnaC09g05620D and BnaC09g05810D) within major QTL confidence interval were identified, which were located in two major QTL regions. Based on their annotation, these candidate genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of glucosinolates (the biosynthesis of IAOx and isomerization of 2-alkyl malic acid to form 3-alkyl malic acid ester) and transport and distribution of glucosinolates. 【Conclusion】 Three major QTLs for glucosinolate content and three candidate genes were identified, these results lay the provide theoretical basis for functional analysis of genes and the cultivation of fine quality rapeseed varieties in the future.

Identification of CPP Gene Family and Analysis of ExogenousSelenium Response in Foxtail Millet

YANG Furong, DU Bing, GUO Haojie, Wang Cheng, ZHANG Fuhou, MENG Chaomin

2024,44(8):1250-1260, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240163

[Abstract] (216) [HTML] (0) [PDF 2.09 M] (20642)

Abstract:
【Objective】To explore the basic characteristics of CPP family members of foxtail millet and their response mode under exogenous selenium treatment, and to provide new genetic materials for the breeding of innovative varieties rich in selenium and high folate in foxtail millet. 【Methods】Using bioinformation tools to identify CPP family members, using qRT-PCR technology to determine CPP gene expression in various organizations and in exogenous selenium, which laid a foundation for revealing the biological function of CPP family and the response mechanism of exogenous selenium in foxtail millet. 【Results】(1) The millet genome contained 9 CPP genes, which were located on 6 chromosomes and were named SiCPP1-SiCPP9 according to the arrangement of genes in chromosomes. Amino acids ranged from 220 to 899, the relative molecular weight ranged from 23624.32 to 97253.16Da, and the isoelectric point ranged from 6.64 to 9.17, the number of introns ranged from 3 to 11, subcellular predictions showed that all family members could position themselves in nucleus. The prediction of the secondary structure of the protein indicated that the proportion of irregular curling and α-helix in the family was the heaviest.. (2) Phylogenetic analysis showed that gluten proteins could be divided into four subfamilies, the number and distribution of conservative elements and structural fields among the same subclans. (3) Promoter analysis revealed a large number of light, growth and development, hormone and stress response elements in foxtail millet CPP family. (4) Fluorescence quantitative results showed that CPP family members were differentially expressed in root, stem, leaf and ear.All 9 members of the millet CPP family were responsive to exogenous selenium, among which SiCPP5, SiCPP6, SiCPP7 and SiCPP8 were the most responsive. 【Conclusion】Members of the millet CPP family had tissue expression specificity and varying degrees of response to exogenous selenium.

A preliminary study on the expression analysis of the BcCHC1 gene in non-heading Chinese cabbage

LIU Fang, LU Shanwu, YUAN Mengguo, YANG Zirui, HOU Xilin, ZHANG Changwei

2024,44(8):1229-1238, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20230439

[Abstract] (167) [HTML] (0) [PDF 19.69 M] (20610)

Abstract:
【Objective】 In order to improve TuMV resistance of non-forming Chinese cabbage, the interaction mechanism between BcCHC1 gene and TuMV was investigated. 【Methods】 In this study, a member of the clathrin heavy chain CHC gene family was identified from cabbage and a CHC1 was cloned, and subcellular localization of the CHC1 was performed. CI and 6K2 were screened from the candidate genes by bicolecular fluorescence complementary detection. VIGS induced BcCHC1 silencing and the plants died. BiFC test confirmed the interaction between BcCHC1 and TuMV proteins. 【Results】 The results showed that: (1) BcCHC1 gene was cloned successfully, and its coding sequence length was 5 124 bp, encoding 1 708 amino acids. (2) After 30 days of TuMV infection, the results of real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR showed that the relative expression of BcCHC1 in TuMV inoculated lines decreased significantly. (3) Subcellular localization found that BcCHC1 was located in the cell membrane and nucleus of tobacco epidermal cells. (4) The observation of BcCHC1 gene silenced lines showed that BcCHC1 silenced plants had died before TuMV inoculation. (5) Through BiFC experimental verification analysis, it was found that BcCHC1 could interact with CI and 6K2, and the interaction position with CI was mainly in the nucleus, while the interaction position with 6K2 was mainly in the cell membrane. 【Conclusion】 The study speculated that BcCHC1 interacts with TuMV''s CI and 6K2 to regulate TuMV infection of non-knotting Chinese cabbage by influencing clastrin-dependent endocytosis pathway and viral replication, etc. However, the specific mechanism of BcCHC1 regulating TuMV infection of non-knotting Chinese cabbage needs further study.

Allelopathic effects of leaf extracts from economic forests on the growth of Fabaceae and Poaceae pasture grasses

HE Bangyin, HU Jiajia, PEI Jinghong, FANG Meiyan, LI Jiangwen

2024,44(8):1295-1304, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.20240059

[Abstract] (188) [HTML] (0) [PDF 1.18 M] (20547)

Abstract:
Abstract 【Objective】 Allelopathy is one of the main factors affecting understory grass growth, and the chemosensitivity effects of fading leaves of Ziziphus jujuba, Juglans regia and Malus pumila in northern Shaanxi are not yet clear. 【Methods】 Outdoor Medicago sativa and Lolium perenne potting experiments were carried out by setting up different concentrations of Z. jujuba, J. regia and M. pumila withered leaf extracts (concentrations of 0.1, 0.05, 0.025 and 0.0125 g/mL).【Results】 (1) The biomass of both forages was significantly reduced under the J. regia and M. pumila leachate treatments, with L. perenne having only 0.45 g fresh weight per plant, Compared to the control group, the M. sativa only had 4.70 g. Plant height first increased and then decreased with increasing concentration of the leaching solution (P < 0.05). (2) The content of malondialdehyde in M. sativa and L. perenne treated with different extracts was higher than that in the control group. The biochemical indicators of the two grasses showed significant differences in different types of extracts (P < 0.05). (3) J. regia and M. pumila extracts showed significant differences in root traits of M. sativa and L. perenne (P < 0.05). 【Conclusion】 The biomass of M. sativa and L. perenne respond differently to different extracts, exhibiting an "increase or decrease" effect, The treatment of Z. jujuba extract is more suitable for the growth of L. perenne, and the interaction between M. sativa and L. perenne, and economic forests should be fully considered.

Morphology and Histochemistry of the Glandular Trichomes of Isodon rubescens (Hemsley) H. Hara [Lamiaceae]

刘孟奇

2011,31(11):45-50, DOI:

[Abstract] (7478) [HTML] (0) [PDF 0.00 Byte] (18025)

Abstract:
The morphology and distribution of leaf trichomes of Isodon rubescens were studied using light microscopy. Three morphologically distinct types of trichomes were observed on I. rubescens leaf surfaces: non-glandular, peltate and capitate glandular. The glandular and non-glandular trichomes were present on both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces. Peltate and capitate glandular trichomes comprised one basal cell, one or two stalk cells and one head. The head of mature peltate glandular trichomes generally consisted of four secretory cells while that of capitate glandular hairs was composed of two cells. Histochemical results indicate existence of flavnoids in both peltate and capitate glandular trichomes. In addition, terpenoids, including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes etc., exist in peltate glandular trichomes. Peltate glandular trichomes are probably only site of oridonin accumulation, however, this need direct proof to clarify. High density of peltate trichomes might be considered as an important selection character for the screening of I. rubescens with rich content of oridonin．

Biosynthesis Metabolic Pathway and Molecular Regulation of Plants Anthocyanin

JIA Zhaodong¹, 2, MA Peiyong¹, BIAN Xiaofeng¹, YANG Qing², GUO Xiaoding¹, XIE Yizhi^1*

2014,34(7):1496-1506, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.2014.07.1496

[Abstract] (5824) [HTML] (0) [PDF 656.79 K] (16329)

Abstract:
Plant anthocyanin is a kind of natural edible pigment,has many advantages:safety,no pollution,outstanding stability;it showed noticeable antioxidant ability,which can prevent cancer and protect the function of the liver,prevention and protection of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases,and other important nutritional and pharmacological function.Therefore,anthocyanin has important research value and potential applications in food,medicine and health care,horticulture and crop improvement.Here we review recent progresses in biological functions and mechanisms of structural genes and regulator genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis and metabolic pathway,including the anthocyanin biosynthetic,metabolic and accumulative process in plant.Prospective of application prospect and development tendency accumulative processon the anthocyanins genes are elucidated in the end.

Preliminary Study on the Phylogenetic Relationship of Rosa rugosa ‘Hetian shamomeigui’

SUN Meile¹, ZHANG Jun¹, LI Yan², LIN Guocang^1*

2021,41(2):222-233, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.2021.02.0222

[Abstract] (1909) [HTML] (0) [PDF 14.05 M] (16320)

Abstract:
In this study, we studied the relationship between Hetian rose variety (Rosa rugosa ‘Hetian shamomeigui’) and Zizhi rose (R. rugosa ‘Zizhi’), Fenghua rose (R. rugosa ‘Fenghua’) and Damask rose (R. damascena) with molecular data, investigated the phylogenetic relationship of the Hetian rose within genus Rosa, and discussed its hybridization origin. Results showed that: (1) the Hetian rose had unique genetic source. The genetic distance within the Hetian rose (0.017±0.003) was smaller than the distance between varieties (0.029±0.005, 0.024±0.004, and 0.022±0.003, respectively). (2) The phylogenetic tree showed that GAPDH gene clones of the Hetian rose did not mix with the gene clones from other varieties. These indicated that the Hetian rose was genetically diverged from the other three roses, and should be regarded as an unique rose variety. (3) A part of GAPDH clones of the Hetian rose were clustered with four species (R. bracteata, R. laevigata, R. cymosa, and R. banksiae) in Rosa sect. Bracteatae, sect Laevigatae, and sect. Banksiae from China or Southeast Asia, located at basal position of the phylogenetic tree, while other GAPDH clones were clustered with other four European species (R. elliptica, R. sempervirens, R. trachyphylla, and R. abyssinica) in sects. Caninae, Synstylae, and Gallicanae. A total of 19 GAPDH heterozygous loci were detected between the Hetian rose and the above mentioned closely related species, indicating a hybrid origin of Hetian rose. (4) A close relationship between the Hetian rose and 14 European species from sect. Caninae, sect. Synstylae, and Gallicanae was revealed by cpDNA phylogeny and sequence variation analysis. In conclusion, it was proposed that the Hetian rose had a hybrid origin by Chinese and European rose species or varieties. The hybrid parents may be the one or more species in sects. Bracteatae, Laevigatae, Banksiae, Caninae, Synstylae, and Gallicanae. This study provides a foundation for further research on the probable parental species of the Hetian rose.

Molecular Cloning and Expression Analysis of CjMYB1 in Camellia japonica

HUANG Hu¹, 2, MA Xianjin¹, 2, LI Sijia¹, LI Xinlei¹, LI Jiyuan¹, YIN Hengfu^1*

2022,42(3):381-389, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.2022.03.0381

[Abstract] (1397) [HTML] (0) [PDF 11.92 M] (13755)

Abstract:
In this study, based on sequence alignment analysis, we cloned the full-length CjMYB1 gene from wild Camellia japonica and performed gene expression analyses in Camellia varieties with different floral colors, which provided a fundamental basis for understanding the function of CjMYB1 underlying the floral color formation during flower development. The results showed that: (1) CjMYB1 gene (GenBank accession: OL347930) was successfully cloned. Its open reading frame length was 879 bp, encoding a 292 amino acids protein with relative molecular weight of 33.17 kD. CjMYB1 is found to be a R2R3-MYB transcription factor and is homologous to the subgroup 7 of Arabidopsis thaliana MYB gene family. (2) Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that CjMYB1 gene had the highest expression level in the floral buds of wild C. japonica, and had a relatively high expression level in sepals, petals, stamens and carpels, suggesting that CjMYB1 plays an important role of regulating the floral development. The expression level of CjMYB1 gene was higher in red Camellia varieties, but lower in pink, light yellow and white Camellia varieties, suggesting that CjMYB1 gene may play a key role in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway. (3) Subcellular localization experiments showed that CjMYB1 protein was located in the nucleus.

Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Functions and Deleterious Effects in Plants

ZHANG Mengru, YANG Yumei, CHENG Yunxiu, ZHOU Tao, DUAN Xiaoyan, GONG Ming, ZOU Zhurong^*

2014,34(9):1916-1926, DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.2014.09.1916

[Abstract] (5715) [HTML] (0) [PDF 2.92 M] (9452)

Abstract:
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a group of free radicals,reactive molecules and ions that are derived from O₂.It is estimated that about 1% of plants-consumed O₂ is converted to ROS in various subcellular compartments such as chloroplast,mitochondria,and peroxisome.ROS are well recognized for playing a dual role as both deleterious and beneficial factors,depending on their concentration in plants.At low concentration ROS acts as second messenger in signaling cascades that mediate several responses in plant cells,whereas at high concentration it triggers oxidative damages to biomolecules and even cell death.Equilibrium between ROS production and scavenging is crucial for plants,and monitored by an efficient antioxidative system consisting of both nonenzymic and enzymic antioxidants.This review thoroughly introduced the current proceedings of studies on plant ROS mainly in terms of their types,production sites,roles in signaling and major damages to plant cells,aiming to provide an insight for improving plant resistance to environmental stress through genetic engineering.

Governed by：Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China

Sponsored by：Shaanxi Academy of Sciences; Northwest A&F University; Botanical Society of Shaanxi Province

Editor-in-Chief：Professor ZHAO Zhong

Editorial-Director：WEI Qingxia

Publisher：Editorial Department of Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica

Address：Editorial Department of Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica，Building #0, South Campus of Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China

Post code：712100

Service Tel：(029)87082936

ISSN：1000-4025

CN：61-1091/Q

Post code：52-73