In order to explore the distribution and characteristics of Desmids diversity in the wetlands of major areas in northern Xinjiang (Urumqi, Altay and Ili), this study collected data through literature review, specimen collection and identification, and analyzed species diversity using GF index method. We used Person correlation analysis and redundancy analysis (RDA) to analyze its relationship with environmental factors, to provide basic information for the investigation of Desmids resources and the study of freshwater alga diversity in Xinjiang wetland. The results showed that: (1) there were 189 species of Desmids in the study area, belonging to 1 phylum, 1 class, 2 orders, 6 families and 18 genera; Desmidiaceae was the dominant family, with 154 species, accounting for 81.48% of the total species. The dominant genera were Cosmarium Corda ex Ralfs, Staurastrum Ralfs and Closterium Nitzsch, with 137 species, accounting for 72.49% of the total species. (2) The values of D_F, D_G and D_F-G were the highest in Altay, which was 2.6213, 2.0828 and 0.5095, respectively. (3) The distribution of species and quantity of Desmids in the study area was as follows: Altay region > Urumqi and its surrounding areas > Ili Region, and the variation trend of zonal factors was more obvious than that of meridional factors. (4) The Person correlation analysis showed that the main factors affecting the diversity of Desmids species in Altay region were atmospheric temperature, and those affecting in Urumqi and its surrounding areas were atmospheric temperature, electrical conductivity and longitude. However, there was no correlation with environmental indicators in Ili region. (5) Redundancy analysis showed that pH and atmospheric temperature were the main factors affecting species diversity and composition of Desmids. Research suggests that major regions of the northern Xinjiang wetland Desmids is obvious geographical distribution differences, species present more in the north than in the south, and more in the east than in the west, species diversity and composition distribution and environmental factors have certain correlation, but in different areas, different genus of Desmids differences between the correlation of Desmids and environmental factors.