[Objective] The study aims to clarify the influence of virus diseases on the growth, yield and quality of Polygonatum kingianum, and provide basis for further study on the pathogenic mechanism of virus. [Methods] The photosynthetic gas parameters, total chlorophyll content and chloroplast ultrastructure of P. kingianum leaves infected by virus were studied. The contents of superoide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), biological characteristics of tuber, and effective chemical components were determined and analyzed. [Results] Infection with viruses caused decreased photosynthesis, the value of Pn decreased by about 2 times, the stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration of leaves decreased by 11.25% and 5.79% respectively on infected P. kingianum plants. The content of MDA increased more than twice because of viruses causing strongly lipid peroxidation on the cell membrane. Filamentous viral particles and subsequently polymerising to form inclusive bodies accumulating in cytoplasm of plants infected by virus. Infection of virus, the chloroplast structure was disrupted, and some of them had disintegrated in the infected cell, and the contents of chlorophyll A and B significantly decreased, namely 22.97% and 35.38%, respectively. Meanwhile, the defense response was induced by virus-infected, the activities of defense enzymes including SOD, POD, PPO and PAL increased significantly, PPO increased by 1.6 times. Furthermore, infection with viruses inhibited the expansion of rhizome and the growth of new buds, and caused the fresh weight and the content of polysaccharide, saponin, flavone and total phenol of P. kingianum plant decreased by 48.08%, 6.97%, 23.31%, 15.32% and 11.07% respectively. Infection with viruses activated defense response, damaged cell membrane, and caused decreased photosynthesis. [Conclusion] Consequently, the rhizomes are significantly reduced in size and active ingredients, so its yield and quality are reduced.