[Objective] We aim to investigate the effect of drought stress on the photosynthetic characteristics and anatomical structure of turnip leaves, and to provide a basis for the selection and breeding of drought-resistant germplasm and the formulation of cultivation measures. [Methods] Drought-resistant and drought-sensitive turnip seedlings were selected, and normal water supply (control) and drought stress treatments were set up to analyze the changes in photosynthetic characteristics and anatomical structures of turnip seedlings' leaves through potting experiments. [Results] Compared with the control, drought stress significantly decreased the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration coefficient and stomatal limiting value of turnip leaves, and significantly increased the inter-cellular CO2 concentration and water-use efficiency; meanwhile, the initial fluorescence was significantly increased, and the maximal fluorescence, variable fluorescence, PS II maximal photochemical efficiency and PS II potential activity were significantly decreased, and the drought The changes were greater in drought-sensitive germplasm. Under drought stress, leaf stomatal length and width, stomatal openness, and stomatal density were significantly reduced; leaf thickness was significantly increased, and tissue laxity was significantly reduced; chloroplasts changed from pike-shaped to swollen, basal lamellae were fuzzy and hollow, osmiophilic granules and starch grains were increased, mitochondria were swollen and their internal cristae were fuzzy, and the two types of organelles were more seriously damaged in drought-sensitive germplasm. [Conclusion] Drought stress reduces the stomata of turnip leaves, increases the thickness of leaves, reduces the laxity of tissue structure, changes the morphological structure of chloroplasts and mitochondria, and then reduces the chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency, and drought-resistant germplasm is less affected by the drought stress, and the adaptive regulation of drought stress is stronger.