Our objectives were to investigate phenotypic variations of cone and seed of Pinus tabuliformis in natural populations and to describe the relationship between morphological variations and geographic and climatic variables.Our field investigation of P.tabuliformis included four cone characters,four seed characters and four seed wing characters with 148 trees from 12 populations covering its entire natural distributional regions.We examined morphological diversity among/within populations based on the 12 life history traits.Variance analysis,correlation analysis,principal component analysis were used to analyze experimental results.Our results showed that each morphological character presented a large variation both within and among populations.Moreover,analysis of the coefficient of variation were higher in QS,HZ and ZJ (CV>20%).Furthermore,the cone dry weight(CDW) and cone length(CL) showed larger CV than that of other morphological traits.The wing traits were the lowest among all traits.Although the mean proportion of phenotypic variations of all measured traits was about 38.97% among populations of this species,it was much higher than those of other conifers,which further suggested that this species held the higher adaptive phenotypic variations or stress-tolerance ability under varying environmental conditions.According to the correlations between morphological traits and climatic factors,the significant negative correlations between potential evapotranspiration(PET) and most of morphological traits were detected.This study indicates that our research will provide important information for the reforestation and genetic conservation for this species in the changing climate.