The Black Gobi desert is the most arid regions in the dryland.The aim of this paper is to study the flora and its plant species diversity in the Black Gobi ecosystems by using the technique of pilotless aircraft and survey plots.The results showed that:(1)The life forms are relatively simple because of the low heterogeneity and poor soil and water conditions.154 plant species were listed in the Black Gobi desert,which belong to 28 families and 85 genera.(2)In terms of plant species composition,the gobi region has less species but far more shrub compared to the desert.(3)The plant diversity of the Black Gobi region is absent and Chenopodiaceae,Asteraceae,Fabaceae have relatively high quantities.(4)The Black Gobi desert edificators are Reaumuria soongarica,Halogeton glomeratus and Ephedra przewalskii.Calligonum klementzii,Astragalus hamiensis,Glycyrrhiza inflata are China endemic plants,and Populus euphratica,Gymnocarpos przewalskii,G.inflata are the national protected plants.(5)Zygophyllaceae,Chenopodiaceae and Ephedraceae are the dominant families in the flora and vegetation.Meanwhile,Mediterranea.W.Asia to C.Asia and North Temperate are overwhelming geographical elements,which account for 47% of the total genera in the Black Gobi desert.(6)Compared to the near desert regions,the ratio of xerophytes was higher,and the endemic element was extremely lower,but the relic nature was more obvious in the Black Gobi desert.