Chromosome preparation and carbol fuchsin dyeing were adopted to examine the meiosis process of pollen mother cells and the development of male gametophytes of Atractylodes japonica for providing a scientific basis for further study of the A.japonica cytogenetics .The results are as follows：（1）The meiosis process of A.japonica pollen mother cells is closely correlated with the bud size,related to the buds 4~12 mm when entering meiosis.（2）There are difference in the stages of meiosis in the same bud and anther.（3）Meiosis normal tetrads accounted 85.14% with a cross-shaped main .（4）The percentage of abnormal meiosis is 7.71% and a series of abnormal phenomena in meiotic division of pollen mother cells such as chromosome fragments,lagging chromosomes,chromosomes bridges,asynchronization of chromosomes segregation,deviant tetra and so on are obserued.（5）During the development of the male gametophytes,mitosis took place two times.The mature pollens were 3-cell ones with 3 germ furrows in appearance.This research aimed to provide scientific evidence for cytogenetics of A.japonica.Studies suggest that the unsynchronization of the meiosis for different anther in the same flower bud extended its flowering period and increase the chances of pollination,which was an evolution of adaptation to the environment.It was one of the main reasons of partial pollen abortion that the chromosome bridges,lagging chromosomes,chromosome fragments,polyad and other anomalies in meiosis.