The carbon sequestration ability, water use efficiency (WUE) and other photosynthetic physiology characteristics for different aged of Phyllostachys pubescens individuals were analyzed at two canopy layers with a LI6400 portable photosynthesis system. The results showed that: (1) the daily average net photosynthetic rate (P_n) and the transpiration rate (T_r) of P.pubescens were lower for upper canopy leaves than those of lower canopy leaves regardless of bamboo age during the culm elongation period. During the shoot development period, the upper canopy leaves had a higher P_n value at each time point and a higher daily average P_n than that of the lower canopy leaves regardless of bamboo age. Meanwhile, the T_r value for upper canopy leaves of 2 yearold bamboo was higher at each time point than that for lower canopy leaves. The vertical change of stomatal conductance (G_s) for different age groups was consistent with that of T_r, regardless of the growing season. (2) A reduction of photosynthesis at noon was observed at different canopy layers of 3 yearold bamboo and the upper canopy of 2 yearold bamboo during the culm elongation period, while it only occurred in the upper canopy of 2 yearold bamboo during the shoot development period. (3) The daily average of WUE in the culm elongation period increased along with canopy height regardless of age. While, the daily average of WUE decreased with increasing canopy height during the shoot development period for 2 yearold individuals. So, the canopy height had obvious effects on bamboo leaf photosynthesis and WUE, which also impacted by growing seasons. There was negative relationship between G_s and WUE for bamboo with all ages and canopy layers. We wanted to explore the variable stomata behavior of moso bamboo at different ages during its important growing seasons and in order to improving WUE and lay the foundation for further mechanistic research on water use strategy for bamboo. (4) The chlorophyll a/b values decreased with the decrease of canopy height in different growing seasons. While the chlorophyll content of all ages of bamboo was increased with the decrease of canopy height. The vertical variation of leaf nitrogen content and leaf mass per area within canopy was consistent with that of leaf net photosynthetic rate regardless of the growing seasons. The results indicated that the leaf morphology and nitrogen content in the different canopies could change with the growth environment in different growing seasons, and make full use of light energy to improve the photosynthetic capacity. Our data could provide a scientific basis for developing sustainable cultivation technologies and enhancing moso bamboo timber production and carbon sequestration.