The ephemeral plants formed their own unique ecological stoichiometry characteristics under the extreme habitat conditions. Taking the ephemeral plants in the southern Gurbantunggut Desert as the research object，this thesis aims at analyzing the stoichiometric characteristics of leaf biogenic elements of 66 plots，109 plant samples and 42 species in the study area to clarify the stoichiometric characteristics and allometric relationships of the main ephemeral plants in the individual scale，population scale and the community scale，and reveals the main limiting elements which restrict the growth of ephemeral plants in southern Gurbantunggut Desert. The results were as follows：(1) on the 3 scales，the K content of the ephemeral plant leaves was higher than that of the national average，while the content of P and N was lower than that of the national average level and N∶P mean values were less than 14. The Ca contents of individual scale and population scale is lower than that of the national average，while the Ca content is higher than that of the national average level under community scale. (2) The correlation among the elements of the individual scale is CaMg highest，KMg second，and CaS minimum，and the growth rate of each element is significantly deviated from 1，which showed the allometric growth of the various elements and the growth rate of Mg > Ca > K > P > Fe > N > S. (3) The rate of CaMg in the population scale was 0.82 (close to 1)，which showed that the two elements are roughly constant growth. The growth rate of each element is Ca＞K＞P＞S＞N＞Fe. In addition，the Ca was the largest，which indicated that plants could get more Ca to prepare for flowering and reproduction during the period of plant biomass large accumulation. (4) The goodness of fit of each element on the community scale is higher than that of the individual scale and each elements have significant allometric growth realationship. The growth rate is K＞Ca＞Mg＞S＞P＞N＞Fe，which showed that the utilization rate of distinct elements is not same. The result found that the southern Gurbantunggut Desert ephemeral plants were restricted by N and P but more susceptible to N limitation. It also verified that the species with high consistent biological characteristics and the same ecological adaptability will have higher goodness of fit in the community scale.