A new research summary and a recent study target of the endangered plant species, Eleutharrhena macrocarpa (Diels) Forman, with extremely small populations, is presented, which include its taxonomic history, systematics study value, the natural populations, the biodiversity conservation status, the floristic distribution, type specimens determination and the latest research progress. Two new photographs and six type specimens of E. macrocarpa are also provided. The purpose of this paper is to provide more accurate information for further study to this species.