In order to provide scientific and theoretical support for Salix psammophila germplasm management, identify of genets, selective breeding, genetic improvement and fingerprint, we selected 22 pairs of primers with high polymorphism and used capillary electrophoresis to detect PCR products based on TPM13SSR technique to analysis genetic differentiation and genetic structure of S. psammophila. The results showed that: (1) 22 pairs of ESTSSR primers detected a total of 222 alleles, the average number of alleles (A) was 10, the sum of tetraploid genotypic richness(G) and number of unique genotypes (G₁) were 1 460 and 802, the average of rate of unique genotypes (P₁) and rate of identified germplasms (P₂) were 45.86% and 13.21%, respectively. (2) In nine populations, the average number of alleles (A) was 7.475, the genotype richness (G) was 15.586, observed heterozygosity (H_o) and expected heterozygosity (H_e) were 0.577 and 0.638, respectively. Based on the expected heterozygosity (H_e) standard, the highest genetic diversity of populations was P1 and P9. (3) Genetic differentiation coefficient (G_st) was only 0.02. AMOVA molecular variation analysis showed that most of the genetic variation within populations (97%). The variation among populations was only 3%. (4) Threedimensional principal coordinate analysis, cluster and structure analysis showed that 9 populations were divided into 2 groups. Mantel test showed significant correlation of S. psammophila genetic distance and geographic distance (r=0.684 P<0.001). The results showed that the rich of genetic diversity Salix germplasm was the molecular of adaptability, drought resistant, cold resistant, high temperature, strong wind erosion and sand burying; Most of genetic variation were within populations; The distribution population showed a tendency of expansion and differentiation from central to marginal populations.