We observed the stem anatomic structure of fifteen species of bryophytes from alpine periglacial region by paraffin section method and scanning electron microscope (SEM), to provide basis for the survival mechanism and ecological application of mosses in extreme periglacial environment. The results showed that fifteen species of bryophytes from alpine periglacial region stems of these bryum were constituted with three parts: epidermal, cortex and central axis. The stem of most species has a cellular layer with different length epidemic cell, the cell wall is rough and thick with flaky or granular cuticle ornamentation on surface, more shrinkage depression. When the weather was dry the cuticle layer wrinkled， the different levels of depression, small pores on the depression. Cell wall thickness of adjacent cells, and some kinds of cell wall is not thickened. Cortex is the largest part, cell wall was thinned gradually from outside to inside, cells were arranged neatly or mosaic, thinned gradually from outside to inside and become fat, axis cells occupied small area, the cell wall corner is thickened. The structure characteristics of these moss plants can rapid absorption of water and resistant longterm extreme arid and cold environment. The study shows that the typical characteristic of bryophytes from alpine periglacial region with strong cold resistance and drought tolerance. These structural features can enhance the support and conduction of water in bryophytes. For example, the micromorphological structure of cells shape, cell number and depression degree of cell wall, cuticle ornamentation, and small pore etc. Morphological characteristics of microstructure are meaning for classification.