Gymnocarpos przewalskii is national level protecting plants and composition of the ancient Mediterranean tertiary relic. This article is based on combined ArcGIS and Maxent model to predict the species distribution of G. przewalskii in the ice age, the main climate factors of population distribution and climate refuge. Results show that the distribution area of G. przewalskii showed a significant downward trend with the climate change of history from the last interglacial period to the middle of the ice age to enter the new medium period while the area of adaptation area decreased first then increased. At present, mainly distributed in the midwest Xinjiang, centre of Gansu Hexi corridor, northwestern margin of Yumenguan, western Inner Mongolia and northern Ningxia. Because the block of Qilian Mountain, the Altun, Kunlun Mountains and the Helan Mountains, the Hexi Corridor in Gansu Province (Danghe and Shule river basin), Yumenguan northwestern margin (Hami), western Inner Mongolia (Lai), cloth and Xinjiang (Tarim) basin of ice age formed part of the refuge area. Knife cutting method was used to filter out four dominant factors that result in the change of the distribution and change interval, the annual precipitation change range is 64.49-116.36 mm, the wet season rainfall was 35.99-72.82 mm, the coldest season temperature was 13.31-8.18 ℃ and annual average temperature was 6.20-7.31 ℃, precipitation also affected the distribution of G. przewalskii population much as compared to temperature.