The leaf anatomical structure of Caragana korshinskii from Badain Jaran Desert, Ulanbuh Desert, Tengger Desert and Kubuqi Desert was studied by paraffin method. The anatomical structure was observed and measured by Motic Plus 2, including leaf thickness, upper and lower epidermal cell thickness, palisade tissue cell thickness of the leaflet. The results showed: (1) in the different growth environments, structure of epidermis, mesophyll and leaf vain was different, Badain Jaran Desert and Kubuqi Desert had significant difference. (2) In arid environment, leaf smaller and thicker, palisade tissues and vascular bundles were highly developed. In the 4 deserts, Badain Jaran Desert was the most drought, the leaf thickness were the heaviest, palisade tissues were much highly developed, including palisade cell tissues were longer, layers were the longest and the amounts of vessel was maximum; Kubuqi Desert had good rainfall, the leaf thickness were the thinnest, palisade cell tissues were the shortest and layers were least, the amounts of vessel was minimum. (3) Correlation of anatomical structure indexes of leaflet and climatic factors were analyzed, the result showed that anatomical structure of leaflet was influenced by precipitation and temperature.