In order to provide a theoretical basis for a rotation between maizepeanut intercropping and wheatmaize multiple cropping, we studied the effects of maize intercropping peanut crops for rotation and phosphate fertilizer on tillering, leaf area index (LAI), dry matter accumulation, photosynthetic performance in flag leaves, and grain yield for winter wheat. A field experiment with three types of crops for rotation including sole maize, maizepeanut intercropping, and sole peanut, and two phosphate fertilizer levels including application 0 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2 (P₀) and 180 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2 (P₁) was conducted. Results showed that: (1) compared with maize crops for rotation, maizepeanut intercropping crops for rotation (intercropping crops for rotation) significantly increased the effective tillering numbers, LAI, net photosynthetic rate, and dry matter of winter wheat; The SPAD value, CO₂ saturation point, light saturation point, maximum net photosynthetic rate (P_nmax), AQY, carboxylation efficiency (CE), rubisco maximum carboxylation rate (V_cmax), maximum electron transfer rate (J_max) and triose phosphate utilization rate (V_TPU) of winter wheat flag leaves were also increased, CE, V_cmax and V_TPU enhanced to a significant level (P<0.05), and significantly improved (P<0.05) winter wheat grain yield and the composition. (2) Intercropping crops for rotation increased the P_nmax, AQY and CE in wheat flag leaves at milk stage, enhanced the kernels per spike, kernel weight and yield of winter wheat compared with peanut crops for rotation. (3) Supplying phosphate fertilizer with 180 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2 significantly improved winter wheat growth, and increased the SPAD value, P_nmax, AQY, CE, V_cmax, J_max, and V_TPU in flag leaves, and grain yield (P<0.05) in intercropping crops for rotation plots, compared with no phosphate fertilizer application. The study found that intercropping crops for rotation could effectively strengthen the apparent quantum efficiency and CO₂ carboxylation capacity in flag leaves of winter wheat, significantly enhance the photosynthetic capacity after flowering, and improve winter wheat growth. Thus, the kernels per spike, kernel weight and grain yield of winter wheat were increased, and intercropping crops for rotation combining with 180 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2 phosphate fertilizer could get more effective to winter wheat.