To understand the types, distribution and protection status in Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve of Sichuan Basin, we carried out a systematically investigation and hope to provide the scientific basis for effective protection and management on local medicinal plants. In this study, the diversity of medicinal plants was investigated by field survey, photo collection, questionnaire survey and literature review from 2014 to 2017. Results showed that: (1) totally 602 species of medicinal plants belonged to 399 genera and 130 families were found in Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve. Among them, there are 36 ferns species belonged to 26 genera and 17 families; 3 gymnosperms species belonged to 3 genera and 3 families; and 563 angiosperms species belonged to 370 genera and 110 families. Based on the diversity of species and genera, there are 165 species belonged to oligotypic family (2-5 species), which accounting for 40.77% of total number of families, and accounting for 27.41% of the total number of plant species. And 284 monospecies genera were accounting for 71.18% of the total genera. (2) Based on the diversity of life forms, herbal medicinal plants (450 species) are dominated, accounting for 74.75% of the total number of species. (3) Whole grass (whole plant), root and rhizome are the main medicinal parts of Tangjiahe Medicinal Plants. (4) The medicinal plants in Tangjiahe are mainly distributed in temperate zone. Based on these study, Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve is rich in species of medicinal plants, with various types of growth types, organs, functions and flora of medicinal plants, which is valuable for scientific research, protection and utilization.