The leaf anatomical structures in terms of xeromorphic indices of the three species of Canna edulis including thickness of leaves, thickness of mesophyll, thickness of upper and lower epidermis, stoma density, stoma length and width, length and width of long cells, length and width of short cells were measured. Difference analysis and comprehensive evaluation of the drought resistance of C. edulis were carried out by analysis of variance and related analysis methods, and the relationship between drought resistance and leaf structure was explored. The results showed that: (1) the epidermal structure of C. edulis had a certain relationship with drought resistance, and the varieties with strong drought resistance had large stomatal density, and the long and short cells were small in size and closely arranged. (2) The relationship between the thickness of the leaves, mesophyll and epidermis of the C. edulis was not significantly different among different varieties. (3) There was a significant correlation between the ratio of the C. edulis leaf and the upper and lower epidermis to the crosssection of the leaves and drought resistance. (4) The water retention capacity of the leaves of C. edulis had a significant negative correlation with the thickness of the mesophyll and a significant positive correlation with the thickness of the upper epidermis.