Lilium lankongense is a unique species distributed in the QinghaiTibet Plateau. In order to investigate its karyotype characteristics and the evolution of different populations, we compared and analyzed the karyotypes, which included 8 populations of L. lankongense, by chromosome routine tableting. The results showed that： (1) karyotypes were 3B, and the basic number of chromosome was 12 in the eight populations. The karyotype asymmetry coefficient (As. K%) of eight populations were 81.28% to 83.53%. (2) Combined with previous studies, it is shown that the geographical distribution of L. lankongense populations along the line of ZayüCizhongShangrilaMuli has migration and diffusion from west to east. At the same time, the populations, which distribute in the line from Gongshan to Shangrila, have a geographic expansion of migration and diffusion in northward and southward in latitude. (3) This study found B chromosome in L. lankongense for the first time, and its B chromosome is of great significance for adapting to special habitats. L. lankongense is a highly differentiated species.