In this study, the species and quantity of plants in the water source areas of Mountain Kalamaili Nature Reserve were counted through quadrats survey. TWINSPAN and DCA were used for quantitative classification and ordination of plant communities, the relationship between diversity index and soil physical and chemical properties of typical water source areas were analyzed by CCA. The results showed that: (1) according to the investigation of 32 typical water sources, there are 53 species belonging to 41 genera, 15 families of plants was statistically obtained. (2) Community classification showed there are 7 communities, Ass. Halimodendron halodendron, Ass. Calligonum mongolicumEphedra distachya, Ass. Nitraria schoberi+Tamarix chinensisEphedra distachya+Aristida pennata, Ass. Achnatherum splendens+Seriphidium teraealbae, Ass. Kalidium foliatum, Ass. Nitraria schoberi, Ass. Tamarix chinensis+Kalidium foliatumAchnatherum splendens. (3) It was found that organic matter and total nitrogen have great influence on the distribution of plant communities. It is considered that the typical water source area is an important functional area, it also has important link to maintain the ecological balance of Mountain Kalamaili Nature Reserve.