Juniperus tibetica community is one of the main forest communities in the Three River Headwaters, which plays vital roles in ensuring the safety of water ecology of China, conserving biodiversity, and mitigating climate change. Based on the natural J. tibetica community at Banma, Guoluo, Qinghai, we revealed the community species composition and the relationship between species diversity and soil factors through field investigation and indoor analysis. This study will provide references for species diversity protection and resource plants development and utilization. The results indicated that: (1) there are 169 species of plants in the J. tibetica community, belonging to 36 families and 101 genera. Among them, Compositae, Rosaceae and Ranunculaceae have the most species, accounting for 14.20%, 13.61% and 9.47% of the total number of species in the community. (2) There are significant differences in the species diversity characteristics of the shrubgrass layer in the J. tibetica community, the Margalef (2.90), ShannonWiener (2.35) and Simpson index (0.80) of the herb layer are higher than the Margalef (1.03), ShannonWiener (1.45) and Simpson index (0.70) of the shrub layer, while the Pielou index (0.79) is lower than that (0.89) of the shrub layer. (3) The soil organic matter, whole nitrogen and whole phosphorus contents and pH mean value of 0~60 cm soil layer are (87.54±20.32) g·kg^-1, (4.68±1.36) g·kg^-1, (0.83±0.18) g·kg^-1 and (6.73±0.51), respectively. (4) Shrub layer Margalef index and ShannonWiener index are extremely significant positively correlated with soil organic matter content (P<0.01). The Margalef index and ShannonWiener index of the herb layer are significant negatively correlated with the total potassium content of the soil (P<0.05), and positively correlated with the pH value (P<0.05). Soil organic matter, total potassium contents and pH value are the key factors affecting the community species diversity.