The sexual reproduction of Orchidaceae is special, each flower has only a anther and pollens have aggregated into pollinium is one of its characteristics. In this study, the anthers of wild Dendrobium officinale at different stages are used as materials, the anatomical observation of anther development were carried out by semithin section and plant histochemical methods. The mature pollinium is cultured in vitro to observe the germination of pollen tubes. The results show that: (1) the anther wall of D. officinale is composed of one layer of epidermis cells, two layers of endothecium cells, one layer of middle layer cells and one layer of tapetal cells. At anthesis, the tapetal cells degenerate, while layer of middle layer cells do not, and the endothecium cells form fibrous bands in its cell wall. The microspore mother cells have no obvious callose wall structure. (2) Its microsporogenesis is simultaneous type. After meiosis, four microspores in tetrad do not disperse and sequentially develop as pollen tetrads, which stick together to form pollinia. (3) During microspore development, sporopollen covers the surface of whole pollinium and forms the extine of the pollinium, while the pollen tetrads inside the pollinium have no extine structure. No pollen germpore was observed in the extine of pollinium. (4) When pollen germinates in vitro, pollen grains with extine on the surface of pollinium do not germinate, and pollen tubes are mainly produced in pollen grains inside the pollinium.