Juniperus przewalskii is an important part of the forest ecosystem in Qinghai Province. In order to understand the adaptability of J. przewalskii to the cold and arid environment in the plateau, we collected current year needles of J. przewalskii from Qinghai Province as research object, with paraffin section as method, measured leaf width, leaf thickness, lower cuticle thickness, lower epidermal cell thickness, xylem thickness and phloem thickness. Regression analysis and partial correlation analysis were used to study the response characteristics of needle anatomy to longitude, latitude, altitude and slope aspect. Results showed that, (1) the anatomical structure of J. przewalskii needles had no significant changes in longitude and latitude, and there was no significant correlation between anatomical structure and longitude and latitude. (2) Relationship of J. przewalskii needle anatomical structure and altitude differed according to zones and structures. In the lower zones (<3 200 m) with lower environment stress, no obvious change was found. Above 3 200 m, leaf width, leaf thickness, lower cuticle thickness and lower epidermal cell thickness increased differently with the elevation. When the elevation was higher than 3 680 m, the growth trend of needle anatomical structure became slow, especially the growth rate of leaf width and leaf thickness decreased more. The lower cuticle thickness and lower epidermal cell thickness had the strongest correlation with altitude, followed by leaf thickness and leaf width, but the thickness of xylem and phloem of leaf vascular bundle had no significant correlation with altitude. (3) In 6 regions the lower cuticle thickness was higher on shady slopes, and there was significant correlation between the lower cuticle thickness and slope aspect. This study suggested that J. przewalskii had strong adaptability to cold and arid environment of the plateau, and the environment pressure caused by the change of latitude and longitude, low altitude and sunny slope were not enough to cause the changes of anatomy; In shady slope, it can improve cold resistance by thickening the lower cuticle; While in high altitude, it can adapt to the complex environmental pressures such as extreme cold and drought by thickening the lower cuticle, lower epidermal cell layer, leaf width and leaf thickness.