By constructing the core collection of Malania oleifera, the natural distribution of Malania oleifera resources were evaluated and utilized, the priority objects of resource collection and protection will be identified, and the alternative materials will be provided for establishing the breeding population of Malania oleifera with high oil content and high neuritic acid content. 97 Malania oleifera germplasms were grouped according to geographical regions, and 21 traits including leaves, fruits, kernels and their contents were detected. On the basis of systematic clustering and preferential sampling method, according to genetic diversity method, proportional method and logarithmic method, three sampling ratios of 10%, 20% and 30% were set, resulting in a total of seven sampling strategies. Eight parameters such as CR, M_I, CR_MAX, CR_MIN, VR , MD, VD and CR_MEA were used to evaluate the core collection constructed by the seven strategies, and the core collection with the best parameters was selected. The representativeness of the constructed core collection was verified by comparing the phenotypic diversity index, coincidence rate, principal components and sample distribution map between the core collection and the initial collection. On the basis of clustering by class average method, the core collection parameters formed by "priority sampling method + genetic diversity method +30% sampling ratio" were the best. The above eight evaluation parameters were 98.22%, 1.96, 99.16%, 100.82%, 123.14%, 0.00, 14.29% and 100.70%, respectively. The core collection contained 28 samples, and the final sampling proportion was 28.87%. There was no significant difference in the diversity index of 21 traits between the core collection and the initial collection by t test. The average coincidence rates of mean, maximum, minimum and diversity index of 21 traits between the core collection and the initial collection were 97.31%, 99.16%, 99.18% and 95.41%. The cumulative contribution rates of the six principal components of the initial and core collection were 86.64% and 87.78%, respectively. The distribution maps based on principal components of the initial and core collection had similar distribution structures. The core collection of Malania oleifera constructed has the characteristics of representativeness, validity and practicability, which can be used as the basis for the collection and preservation of Malania oleifera germplasm resources and the establishment of breeding population.