In this test, seven pairs of SSR primers were selected to carry out molecular marker tests on 210 germplasm resources from 20 provinces, cities and autonomous regions in China, for studying the genetic diversity, kinship and genetic differentiation characteristics of the germplasm resources of Pistacia chinensis Bunge and constructing the DNA molecular identity card. It provides theoretical basis for the conservation and germplasm utilization of P. chinensis. The results showed that: (1) seven pairs of primers amplified 158 alleles from 210 germplasm, with an average number of 22.571 alleles per pair of primers. (2) The variation range of gene diversity (GD) was 0.654-0.913 with an average of 0.804. The expected heterozygosity (He) ranged from 0.257-0.771, with an average of 0.532. Polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.639-0.907, with an average of 0.784. (3) In terms of genetic diversity, the observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from 0.373-0.600, with an average of 0.520. The expected heterozygosity (He) was between 0.632-0.811, with an average of 0.737. According to the genetic differentiation index (Fst), the genetic differentiation value between populations in different regions of P. chinensis was between 0.015-0.099, and the genetic differentiation among populations was below the medium level. (4) Molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) showed that the genetic differentiation variation of P. chinensis was mainly within the population, accounting for 94% of the total variation, and the interpopulation variation accounted for 6%. (5) UPGMA clustering, PCoA analysis and population genetic structure analysis results were consistent, all germplasm were divided into two groups, the southwest population was a separate group, the other regions were a separate group. (6) Seven pairs of SSR primers were used to construct 210 DNA identification cards of P. chinensis germplasm.