The study with Paeonia rockii ‘Xiangyabai’ single and double peony pollens as materials, physiological and biochemical characteristics, discussed the relationship between the pollen activity and the activities of protein, MDA and three protective enzymes(POD, SOD, CAT) of pollens at different temperatures, determined the best storage mode of single and double peony pollens. The results show that: (1) the average equatorial axis length and pole axis length/equatorial axis length of P. rockii are less than that of singlepetal pollen; at room temperature (25 ℃), the germination rate of singlepetal pollen (83.62%) is higher than that of doublepetal pollen (72.06%). The halflives of singlepetal pollen and doublepetal pollen are 40 days and 60 days, respectively. With the reduction of storage temperature and the extension of storage time, the pollen germination rate of singlepetal flower and doublepetal flower is significantly higher than that in room temperature, and the germination rate of singlepetal pollen is always higher than that of doublepetal pollen. (2) The suitable temperatures for shortterm storage (1-120 d), longterm storage and longterm storage of P. rockii singlepetal and doublepetal pollen are 4 ℃, -20 ℃ and -80 ℃, respectively. (3) Compared with room temperature, low temperature can increase the soluble protein content and protect enzyme activities of P. rockii pollen during storage, and reduce the MDA content, thus effectively delaying the decline of pollen germination rate. (4) The effect of low temperature stress on the singlepetal pollen of P. rockii is lower than that of doublepetal pollen. Under the same storage temperature, the degree of damage to doublepetal pollen cells is higher and the germination rate decreases faster. It is believed that P. rockii pollen is basically in a metabolic equilibrium state under -80 ℃ storage conditions, so low temperature can effectively prolong its pollen storage life; the main reason for the decrease in pollen germination rate during storage is the increased degree of cell membrane lipid peroxidation and increased cell damage; The small, concave and deformity of P. rockii doublepetal pollen grains are the main reasons for its low germination rate than that of singlepetal pollen.