This study aimed to further clarify the population dynamics and spatial distribution characteristics of the natural Haloxylon ammodendron populations in Ulan Buhe deserts. Taking the natural H. ammodendron forests in Ulan Buhe deserts as the study object, this study analyzed the interactions between population dynamics and the inherent life history characteristics as well as external disturbance, and explored the fluctuation characteristics and survival mechanism of H. ammodendron population. Methods such as static life tables, survival curves, survival analysis, and spatial pattern indices are used. This study would reveal the population dynamics and spatial distribution characteristics of the species, and provide a scientific reference for the rational protection and population restoration of the species. The results showed that: (1) The age structure of Haloxylon ammodendron population in Ulan Buhe desert was inverted J-shaped, taking an increasing trend. Whereas there was a big fluctuation of individuals quantities among neighboring ages. The dynamic index of population age structure was V_pi=17.43, the dynamic index of population age structure under stochastic disturbance was V_pi′ =1.02, the sensitivity index of population age structure to stochastic disturbance was P_max =5.88, which indicated the population was sensitive to external disturbance. (2) The survival curve of H. ammodendron in the study area tended to Deevey-Ⅱ, the mortality of population with different ages were approximate. The survival function, cumulative mortality and mortality density changed significantly in the Ⅰ-Ⅹ age class (base diameter < 10 cm), with high risk rate in the Ⅰ-Ⅸ age classes. Whereas the survival function, cumulative mortality, and mortality density tended to be stable in the Ⅺ-ⅩⅧ age classes (base diameter ≥10 cm), and the risk rate gradually increased after the Ⅹ age class. The population dynamic was characterized by big fluctuation of individuals in the young-age population, and decaying of individuals in old-age population. (3) The population density of H. ammodendron in the study area was ranged between 328.57-942.86 individuals/km², with 706.34 km² averagely, and spatially the population was distributed in cluster. The study showed that at present environmental conditions, Ulan Buhe desert was adaptable for the growing of H. ammodendron population. Provided there was no human disturbance, H. ammodendron population could sustain stably, and resist certain climate risks. It was suggested to eliminate humans disturbance on the young class population, and to construct artificial Haloxylon ammodendron forest following above-mentioned population density and spatial distribution pattern in the areas where Haloxylon ammodendron severely declined.