Tartary buckwheat originated in the Himalayan region of Tibet, China, and has a history of cultivation for thousands of years. Tartary buckwheat contains rich nutrients such as proteins, amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids and bioactive substances such as brass and phenolic acid. It is a crop with the same origin as medicine and food. In recent years, the nutrition and health function of Tartary buckwheat has been recognized gradually. The demand of Tartary buckwheat is increasing day by day, and the industry of Tartary buckwheat has been developed rapidly. China is extremely rich in Tartary buckwheat germplasm resources (883), but Chinas Tartary buckwheat breeding started late, backward breeding technologies, the lack of specialized Tartary buckwheat varieties, seriously limiting the development of its industry. The paper reviews the current research progress in the collection and conservation of Chinese Tartary buckwheat germplasm resources, evaluation (including agronomic traits, nutritional composition, functional components, and resistance) and breeding, describes the problems, and analyzes the future of Chinese Tartary buckwheat breeding research, with a view to providing a reference for Chinese Tartary buckwheat research and breeding.