[Objective] The study aims to clarify the soil seed bank and seedling regeneration characteristics of Amygdalus ledebouriana in Xinjiang, and to explore the limiting factors affecting the population regeneration of Amygdalus ledebouriana. [Methods] In this study, Amygdalus ledebouriana in the Ta'e Basin of Xinjiang was taken as the research object, and the soil seed bank and seedling regeneration of Amygdalus ledebouriana in Xinjiang were studied by means of field plot investigation, soil sample collection and seedling number and grade statistics under mother plant. [Results] (1) The average density of seeds in the soil seed bank of Amygdalus ledebouriana was 96.45/m2. The complete seed density of the Tuoli population was the highest, and the density of seeds eaten by the Yumin population was the highest, and the insect-eaten seeds only appeared in the Tacheng population. (2) The seeds of Amygdalus ledebouriana were mainly distributed in the litter layer, accounting for 56.29% of the total seeds, S2(0-5 cm) soil layer accounted for 29.07%, S3(5-10 cm) soil layer accounted for 14.65 %, The horizontal diffusion distance of soil seeds is proportional to the slope of Amygdalus ledebouriana. (3) No seedlings were found in the investigated Amygdalus ledebouriana seedlings. Grade I seedlings accounted for 51.13% of the total number of seedlings. Amygdalus ledebouriana seedlings were concentrated in the range of 50 cm from the base of the mother plant. [Conclusion] The distribution characteristics of soil seed bank of Amygdalus ledebouriana were near mother plant and surface, and the characteristics of seedling regeneration were also near mother plant distribution. Under natural conditions, gnawed seeds, insect-infested seeds and niche loss were the main reasons why Amygdalus ledebouriana seedlings cannot germinate and the regeneration of seedlings was limited.