[Objective] Exploring the relationship between the morphological characteristics and physical characteristics of the seeds of Abies beshanzuensis and their seed vigor, providing a theoretical basis for further population renewal and protection of this endangered species, explaining its endangered mechanism, and studying its seed biology. [Methods] Using the critically endangered plant A. beshanzuensis as the research material, the characteristic constants of the length, width, thickness, single grain mass, RGB, etc. of the seeds of A. beshanzuensis were measured. The seed vigor was determined using TTC staining method, and their mathematical models were established. [Results] There was a significant correlation between the R, B value, and single seed mass of A. beshanzuensis seeds and seed vigor, respectively. Single factor linear regression analysis showed that the correlation between seed vigor and single seed mass of A. beshanzuensis was the most significant, with R2=0.839. Two factor linear regression analysis showed that the seed vigor had the most significant correlation with single seed mass and thickness, with R2=0.928. Multivariate linear regression analysis, R2=0.978. However, there was no significant correlation between the length, width, thickness, and G value of its seeds and seed vigor, respectively. [Conclusion] By using indicators such as R, B value, and single grain mass of A. beshanzuensis seeds, seeds with higher seed vigor can be screened. Multiple factor linear regression analysis can more accurately predict their seed vigor.