Abstract:In this study,a full-length cDNA of allene oxide synthase (AOS) gene (named as CrAOS,JQ364955) was cloned from Catharanthus roseus.The gene was 2 118 bp in size containing an open reading frame (1 638 bp) encoding 545 amino acids.Comparative and bioinformatic analysis revealed that the deduced protein of CrAOS was highly homologous to AOSs from other plant species.Southern blot analysis revealed that it was a low-copy gene.Real-time Quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that CrAOS mRNA accumulated most abundantly in old leaves and least in young alabastrums.The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that wound,low temperature,methyl jasmonic acid,ethylene treatments significantly enhanced CrAOS transcript expression,and salicylic acid had no influence.

Abstract:With developing floral buds and leaves as materials,we studied ZjMADS1-box cloning and its expression profiles by construction of a suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) library,RACE technology,and semi-quantitative RT-PCR.The results are as follows:(1)A 476 bp EST was identified as PISTILLATA (PI) gene related to floral development that was denominated as ZjMADS1-box.Based on the 476 bp sequence information,the full-length cDNA of ZjMADS1-box was successfully obtained by RACE from floral buds of the cultivar ‘Jinsi No.4’.(2)The ZjMADS1-box displays structural characters of PI homologs.The full-length cDNA of ZjMADS1-box is 957 bp,encoding 220 amino acids.On the amino acid sequence level,this gene shows the highest similarity (72.6%) with EgM2 gene of Eucalyptus grandis and MqPI gene of Melaleuca quinquenervia,and the lowest (61.8%) with CaPI gene of Capsicum annuum.ZjMADS1-box clusters with EgM2 and MqPI in phylogenetic tree.The predicted isoelectric point (pI) and molecular weight (Mw) of ZjMADS1-box is 9.75 and 25 587.5 Da,respectively.ZjMADS1-box is predicted to be a kind of hydrophilic and non-secreted proteins.(3)ZjMADS1-box is specifically expressed in floral organs.It is not expressed in vegetative tissues (organs) including tender stems,mature leaves,and axillary buds.In floral buds,expression level of ZjMADS1-box on April 30 and May 8 is higher than that on May 4,May 12,and May 16.The expression level,however,has no remarkable difference between different developing stages.This study will provide a scientific basis for fully clarifying the mechanism of floral development of Z.jujuba.

Abstract:The auxin response factor gene (DL-ARF1） was cloned from embryogenic calli of longan （Dimocarpus longan Lour.） by the RT-PCR with RACE method.The obtained sequence and putative amino acid sequence were analyzed by bioinformatics methods.Then the mRNA transcription level of the gene in the process of somatic embryogenesis was determined by qRT-PCR (real-time reverse transcription PCR) method.The results were as follows：The full length mRNA sequence of DL-ARF1 gene(GenBank，GQ923778） was about 2 695 bp，consisting of an open reading frame(ORF) of 2 046 bp，5′ and 3′ untranslated regions(UTR) of 163 bp and 486 bp，respectively.The putative protein had 681 amino acids，and the identity with other polypeptides varied between 40%~81%.DL-ARF1 gene was probably belonged to the transcription inhibitor and expressed in 8 different stages during somatic embryogenesis，which showed approximately a bimodal curve.The peak mRNA transcription level of DL- ARF1 gene occurred at the embryogenic callus Ⅱ(Stage 2).

Abstract:Primers were designed according to the Vgb （Vitreoscilla hemoglobin）gene sequence.The Vgb sequence which added XhoⅠ restriction sites were cloned from pTPV-Vgb vector by PCR technique.Then plant expression vector pCAMBIA1301-Pmi-Vgb was constructed.The leaves of ground-cover chrysanthemum cultivar ‘Fenditan’ were transformed through Agrobacterium tumefacien,expecting to get the transgenic chrysanthemum plants with improved resistance to waterlogging.After incubating,screening and differentiation,we got 32 resistant buds.The PCR results showed that 8 of 32 plants were positive.PCR assay showed that the Pmi gene was expressed in transgenic plants.The results laid the foundation of further research on the effect of Vgb gene in improving chrysanthemum’s resistance to waterlogging.

Abstract:Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA) with different concentrations was applied to the suspension cultures of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f..The results showed that 50～400 μmol/L MeJA inhibited the accumulation of total alkaloids.cDNA-AFLP (cDNA amplified fragment length polymorphism) analysis found 19 differentially expressed genes between suspension cell culture of T.wilfordii Hook.f.with and without elictor treated.Through Blastn analysis with NCBI protein database,the functions of 7 of them were predicted,which involving in the processes of signal transduction,transcription regulation,energy metabolism and so on.These results will facilitate the improvement alkaloids production using biotechnology methods in the long run.

Abstract:The genetic diversity of twenty four populations of Medicago ruthenica distributed in Mongolian Plateau and Daxing’an mountain region was analyzed using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers.This work aimed to know the genetic variation patterns within and among populations and the relationship between population distribution and environments.(1)10 primers were used and five of them showed polymorphism.The results indicated that 5 loci totally have 15 variation alleles,and the average polymorphic information content(PIC) was 0.342 3.(2)The variation among populations was lower which showed by gene differentiation coefficient (Fst=0.17) .There were 82.8% of the variation in M.ruthenica within population，the gene flow （Nm） was 1.2.(3)The cluster analysis indicated the 24 populations could be divided into three distinct groups.The population in northern of Daqinshan (hs) was the single population group.The populations in east,southeast and northeast of Inner Mongolia（kh,hb1,hb2,hb3,lq,lx,bl,zs,lh） were assembled as the second group and the others from northeast of Mongolia plateau transition to the Daxinganling region(dm,db,xs,eg,xb,eh,al,kj,aq1,dw,hb4,ys,aq2,xl) were assembled as the third group.(4)The Mantel’s test of the relationship between genetic distance and the environment factors showed that the genetic distance among M.ruthenica was affected by altitude,latitude and longitude.The impacts of geographical location (latitude and longitude) was greater than altitude and the single latitude or longitude（r=0.402 7,P<0.01）.Between latitude and longitude,the impact of longitude was larger.

Abstract:Analysis was carried out to explore the nature of Me14/Em8 marker for kenaf WA-CMS cytoplasm and develop the more credible markers linked to kenaf CMS cytoplasm.The upstream flanking sequence of Me14 binding site was amplified by homologue cloning.Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was used to analyze the expression levels of the loci in different tissues.(1)The sequences analysis showed a G/A SNP in the Me14 binding site of the CMS line (P3A) and its maintainer line (P3B) mtDNA.Purified E1 PCR product amplified using the total DNA of P3B as template can be digested by HpaⅡ because of the “CCGG” sequence in the Me14 binding site,in contrast with that of P3A because of the “CCGA” sequence in the corresponding locus.(2)The characteristics of the SNP loci showed that the E1 fragments that were amplified using the total DNA of the nine maintainer and the five restorer lines as template can be digested by HpaⅡ,in contrast with that of the nine CMS lines and the F₁ hybrids.(3)RT-PCR results also showed the existence of E1 transcripts.However,no differences were found in the expression patterns between P3A and P3B.Blastx searches of publicly available gene and protein databases did not produce any statistically significant “hit” to known genes.The SNP marker associated with the CMS cytoplasm can be regarded as a point mutation in mtDNA of male sterile lines,which is not related to chimeric gene.

Abstract:The number of chromosomes in Taraxacum antungense was calculated by a root tip squashing method.The ploidity was analyzed by karyotyping and chromosome behavior observation during the meiosis process of pollen mother cells.Results showed that:(1)The number of chromosomes in T.antungense was 32.Its karyotype was formulated as 2n=3x+x′=32=（18m+6sm）+(3m+4sm+1T),which indicates a Stebbins’ 2A type.(2)The meiosis in T.antungense undergoes simultaneous cytokinesis.(3)Some of the chromosomes were found not to rank at metaphase plate in metaphase Ⅰ and metaphase Ⅱ cells.In anaphase Ⅰ and anaphase Ⅱ cells,observed some abnormal events including lagged chromosomes,chromosome bridge and fragment.During anaphase Ⅱ and telophase Ⅱ chromosome segregation was not synchronous and equal.At tetrad stage,dyad,triad,tetrad with micronucleus and polyad appeared.(4)The pollen germination rate in vitro was only 26.3%,which indicated that abnormal meiosis of PMCs was the cytogenetic reason of fertility reduction of T.antungense pollen.

Abstract:Eight crosses were designed for Primula forbesii ‘Red Star’,‘Purple Cloud’ and ‘Fragrant Luolan’,separately,to investigate the fruiting rate and seed-set per capsule.Meanwhile,the pollen germination and pollen tube elongation of several crosses in P.forbesii ‘Red Star’ were observed by fluorescent microscopy.The results showed that:(1)For all three cultivars,the fruiting rate and seed-set per capsule were significantly different among different crosses,and in a descending order were legitimate crosses (T×P and P×T)＞within-pin cross and pin selfing＞within-thrum cross and thrum selfing.The fruit-setting rates of all legitimate crosses reached 100% and the mean number of seeds per capsule obtained ranged from 44 to 181,which were significantly higher than that of illegitimate crosses.By using intermorph pollens without vitality as mentor in intramorph pollinations,fruiting rate and seeds per capsule of T×T crosses were improved.However,mentor pollination had no unambiguous effect on P×P crosses.Among the three cultivars,fruiting rate and seeds per capsule of different crosses in P.forbesii ‘Red Star’ were the highest.(2)The results of fluorescent microscope observation suggested that pollens germinated easily and pollen tubes penetrated directly into the stigma surface in intermorph crosses (T×P and P×T),and pollen tubes grew nearly to the style base and began to insert into the ovary after pollination for 144 h.In P×P and T×T crosses,pollens began to germinate after pollination for 12 h.However,pollen tubes were blocked and did not penetrate the stigma surface after pollination for 144 h,and the pollen tubes were distorted.In pin and thrum selfings,pollens did not germinate on the stigma surface after pollination for 144 h.It was concluded that P.forbesii was self-incompatible,and the thrum form was more self-incompatible than the pin form.

Abstract:Female Rhododendron ‘Nova Zembla’ was used for pollination with male R.excellens.Fluorescence microscope severed as a tool to study the process of pollen sprouting and pollen tube growth after crossing.Capsule setting of the cross was calculated.The results showed as follows:(1)the pollen of R.excellens sprouted and formed the pollen tube in 1 d after pollination.The pollen sprouting rate increased significantly in 1~5 d after pollination and then slowly after that,the highest rate of pollen sprouting was 37.36% in 12 d after cross.(2)The speed of pollen tube growth was from slow to quick after pollen spouted.Pollen tube entered the style in 2 d after the cross,and reached the ovary in 7 d after pollination and then got the ovule in 10 d after the cross.Fertilization of ovules was noticed in the cross,but the percentages of presumed fertilized ovules were very low,with 7.42±0.89 pollen tubes entered the ovules in 12 d after pollination.(3)During the pollen tube growth,it was companied with a series of callose deposited responses,which was happened in the stigma cell,pollen tube,canal cell,ovary and embryo sac in ovule.The pollen tube swollen,spiraled,grew broadly or narrowly,wringed and stopped growth of the tip,pointed tips abnormally or stop growing when callose plug was sedimentary in the tip of pollen tube,the spiraling and wide-diameter and grew reversely during the growth.(4)No capsule set in the cross.The results indicated that the cross between Rhododendron.‘Nova Zembla’ and R.excellens was incompatible.The preliminary inference was that the pollen tube’s abnormal behavior could be the main factor for the inter-species incompatibility,and barriers operated probably both before and after fertilization.

Abstract:The main factors affect cabbage hypocotyl protoplast isolation,purification and cultivation were studied,in order to establish a practical technology system of isolation,purification,collection,culture and eventually a complete plant regeneration for cabbage protoplast.Then establish a basis for latter research such as asymmetric cell fusion and finally provide the conditions for cabbage variety improvement and innovation.The results are as follows：Protoplasts were isolated by enzyme digestion from hypocotyl of 4 day-old seedling of head cabbage.The optimum enzyme combination was attained with 2.5% cellulase R-10+0.05% pectolase Y-23+9CPW+5 mmol/L MES.In the basic medium of improved B₅ supplemented with 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D,0.2 mg/L 6-BA,0.2 mg/L NAA,the cells divided luxuriantly.Regenerated plants were formed from callus after bud induction and root initiation.In 24 regenerated plants,19 were normal diploid,4 were diploid/tetraploid chimera and 1 was tetraploid.

Abstract:In order to investigate the pattern of fruit phenotypic trait variation in natural population of Phyllanthus emblica among populations and variation within populations，eight morphological traits in six P.emblica populations in Yunnan have been measured.The variance analysis of the eight characteristics showed that:(1)There were partly significant differences among populations with F value from 20.17 to 35.21,and there were very significant differences families within a population the F value from 1.27 to 3.07.(2)The variance factors analysis indicated that the variation within a population was the main part of the phenotypic variation in P.emblica which stood nine out of totally ten.(3)The phenotypic traits of P.emblica change in the ecological and geographical factors were significantly associated.Principal component analysis showed that single fruit weight,fruit horizontal diameter,epicarp weight,stone width,stone heavy were the most important phenotypic traits that accounted for the fruit morphological variation of P.emblica.

Abstract:Morphology comparison,microstructure observation and extraction system optimization of purple pigment were developed with different germplasm of purple pepper (Capsicum annuum L.).The results showed that:(1)The purple pigment traits in leaf and young fruit differed greatly between 9007-2,7036I,7036Ⅱ and DZ,dense purple pigment was appeared in the front side of true leaf of the first 3 germplasm during seedling period,and was distributed in leaf vein of cotyledon and true leaf;(2)It was wholly purple in young fruit of the first 3 germplasm,purple and green in DZ germplasm of the same period.Further microstructure observation illustrated that,purple pigment in leaf was distributed irregularly or in netted vein,and was uniformly existed in the outer skin of the stem or in the outermost layer prothenchyma of the outer skin of fruit with thicker color;(3)Effect of pigment extraction in 7036Ⅱ leaf indicated that the major factors influenced were:concentration of alcohol and hydrochloric acid.On this basis,the optimal ratio of solid to liquid was 1∶30.Therefore,optimized system for extraction of leaf pigment was:60% ethanol,0.2 mol/L hydrochloric acid,extraction temperature of 30 ℃,extraction time of 1 h and ratio of solid to liquid 1∶30.

Abstract:Along with the development of the nuclear industry,heavy metal uranium emissions and spread was increasing,and it will bring potential harm to human health.In this study,wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.var.Xikemai No.3) were cultivated with hydroponic culture system,and were respectively treated with nutrient solution containing 0,5,20,50,100 mg·L^-1 U[UO₂(NO₃)₂·6H₂O] after five-leaf stage.Uptake and distribution of U in the up-ground parts and down-ground parts of wheat,the chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics and photosystem activity were investigated after 7 days of the U treatment.The results showed that:(1)Wheat can absorb the U,but both of the bio-enrichment coefficients and the transfer factors were very low,and the U was mainly accumulated in the roots.(2)The chlorophyll b content of leaves was significantly declined under the U stress,while the chlorophyll a content slightly decreased,and the carotenoid content maintained stable.After the U treatment,Both of photosystem Ⅱ (PSⅡ) and photosystem Ⅰ(PSⅠ) activity were subject to different affects,among them,the PSⅡ reaction center activity was inhibited,but the electron transport activity of donor and receptor side in PSⅡ,as well as PSⅠactivity were promoted.(3)Low concentration of U affected the balance between PSⅡ and PSⅠ of wheat leaves,and there was stronger promoting on the PSⅠ activity than on the PSⅡ activity.

Abstract:Grain-filling characteristics and changes of hormonal content in the seeds during grain-filling analyzed with ‘Zhengzhi 98N09’ under field cultivation conditions，which provided a theoretical basis for high yield and efficient cultivation and quality breeding.The results indicated that:（1）No.9～17 nodes had the highest dry matter ratio.The capsule fresh weight was maximum (1.596 g/capsule) at filling 24 d and seeds fresh weight was maximum (0.318 g/capsule) at filling 27 d of the lower node capsules(4～8 nodes).Grouting 15～33 d were the fastest grain-filling period,with 61.75% of the volume of dry grain weight were dry matter accumulation;The capsule fresh weight and seeds fresh weight were simultaneous maximum (1.622 g/capsule,0.379 g/capsule) at filling 27 d of the middle node capsules（9～20 nodes）.Grouting 21～36 d were the fastest grain-filling period,74.21% of the volume of dry grain weight were dry matter accumulation;Grouting 9～12 d and 24～27 d were the fastest grain-filling period of the upper node capsules（20 node after）.(2)GA₃ content of the middle capsules was greater than that of the lower capsules and the upper capsules,but ABA and IAA content were lower than that of the lower capsules and the upper capsules;GA₃/ABA,ZR/ABA,GA₃/IAA and ZR/IAA ratio of the middle capsules were greater than that of the lower capsules and the upper capsules,except ZR/GA₃ ratio.(3)Higher ZR content and lower ZR/ABA,GA₃/ABA,GA₃/IAA and ZR/IAA ratio were better for endosperm cell division,capsule development,development of the grain storage capacity and dry matter plumpness.(4)There were significant or highly significant negative correlation between single endogenous hormone and different parts of the single capsule seeds weight.The interaction of different endogenous had less influence on the increase of the lower capsule seeds weight.The middle and upper capsules per seeds dry weight were significantly improved for appropriate increase in the IAA/ZR,ABA/GA₃ and IAA/GA₃ ratio.

Abstract:A potted experiment was carried out about tomato of ‘Jinpeng No.10’ in temperature and potassium fertilizer interaction to explore the effects on photosynthesis and quality in greenhouse.The results show that,compared with the normal temperature,the sub-low temperature keeps the greenhouse tomatoes grow slowly,and ni flowers number,leaves number,internodal length,chlorophyll content,net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,the intercellular CO₂ concentration,transpiration rate,stomatal conductance,water use efficiency,weight and quality decreased obviously,and stomatal limitation increase.But if add a certain amount of potassium fertilizer,it can remit the harm of the greenhouse tomatoes,and improve flowers number,leaves number,internodal length,chlorophyll content,photosynthesis,tomato fruit weight and quality under the sub-low temperature.Under the sub-low temperature stress,as the dosage of potassium fertilizer for one sample is 18.54 g has conspicuous impact on alleviating the harm of tomato plants.Less or more is not good for the tomato plants.In summary,adding a certain amount of potassium fertilizer can improve tomatoes’ the ability of resistance to the sub-low temperature stress;it benefits the tomatoes plants’ growth and fruit quality.

Abstract:A field experiment was carried out to study the effects of sulfur fertilization on the soil pH,the growth,yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco (Zhongyan 100).Four sulfur rates (0.1,0.2,0.3,and 0.1 with 3.0 kg/m² stillage) were used in this experiment.The results showed that:(1)The pH of root zone soil was significantly reduced by application of 0.1 to 0.3 kg/m² sulfur,comparing with the control.The minimal reduction of pH was more than 0.3 units.(2)Thirty days after transplanting,compare with the control,the dry weight of root,stem and leaf increased 16%～37%,9%～28% and 17%～25%,respectively.Sulfur promoted the early growth of tobacco seedling root,and finally increased the dry matter accumulation of the plant.The yield and the ratio of superior and middle class of tobacco leaves were significantly increased at the sulfur application of 0.2 kg/m² and 0.1 kg/m² with 3.0 kg/m² stillage,comparing with the control.(3)Sulfur increased total nitrogen of cured leaves,whereas it reduced the educing sugars/nicotine ratio.The sulfur application of 0.1～0.2 kg/m² significantly increased total nitrogen and nicotine of cured leaves,and 0.1 kg/m² sulfur with 3.0 kg/m² stillage could had more remarkable effect.However,the application of 0.3 kg/m² sulfur did not work well.The results suggested that sulfur could significantly reduce the pH of root zone soil,improve the growth,yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco.The application of sulfur at a rate of 0.2 kg/m² and 0.1 kg/m² with 3.0 kg/m² stillage were the effective way to ameliorate soil acidity and increase the yield and quality characteristics of flue-cured tobacco in alkaline soil.

Abstract:We investigated the antioxidant effect of Taraxacum mongolicum glycoprotein (TMGP) in vitro and in vivo.The reaction system of H₂O₂,Fe²⁺,DPPH· and total antioxidant capacity was used to detect the antioxidant activity of TMGP in vitro and was compared with V_C.The contents of MDA and the activities of SOD,CAT,GSH-Px in plasma,liver and brain were respectively measured in aged mice model induced by D-galactose.The result showed that:(1)The scavenging capacity of TMGP for H₂O₂ and Fe²⁺ were enhanced as TMGP concentration increased.The H₂O₂,Fe²⁺ scavenging rates reached 76.8% and 55% respectively at 1.72 mg/mL TMGP,close to the level of V_C;When TMGP concentration at 1.5 mg/mL,the DPPH· scavenging rate reached 77% and it was near V_C;(2)The animal experiment showed that the content of MDA decreased and the SOD，CAT，GSH-Px activities increased in plasma,liver and brain in all TMGP groups,significantly increased the antioxidant capacity of mice.TMGP has obvious antioxidant effect in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract:The contents of total polyphenols and flavonoids and their influence on the antioxidant activity of 12 alpine plants sampled from Qilianshan Mountains were investigated.The determining was focused on the shoots and leaf of the targeted plants by using methods of The Folin-Ciocalteu method and aluminum salt colour reaction.The total antioxidant capacity was estimated by ABTS and FRAP methods.The results showed that Potentilla fruticosa,Salix oritrepha,Spiraea alpina,Hippophae thibetana and Polygonum viviparum had high levels of total polyphenols,flavonoids and antioxidant capacity.The highest total polyphenols content was found in the S.oritrepha,it was as high as 19.58%.The total flavonoids content of S.alpina was the highest,up to 13.23%.While the H.thibetana showed a strongest antioxidant capacity of 49.58 mmol/L(FeSO₄) by FRAP measurement,but P.fruticosa had the strongest antioxidant capacity for 32.46 mmol/L(Trolox) by ABTS determination.Total polyphenols,flavonoids and total antioxidant capacity in the FRAP method had extremely significant correlation;the relative coefficient reached a value of 0.887 1 and 0.915 7,respectively.The analysis about 12 alpine plants showed that the higher total polyphenols and flavonoids,the stronger total antioxidant capacity.

Abstract:The sap flow of cultivar Oriental-Trumpet hybrids Lilium “Robinna” studied with packaged sap flow system,basis on monitoring environment factors.The results of statistical analysis indicated that during the periods of growth of Lilium (158 days),the total capacity of sap flow was 7 289.30 g,46.13 g per day.Among the periods of stooling stage,squaring stage,flowering stage,fruiting stage and post fruiting stage,sap flows were 1 862.00 g,3 197.80 g,710.50 g,1 438.30 g,116.70 g and averages were 62.97 g,72.68 g,54.65 g,30.60 g,4.67 g,respectively.Sap flow rate was obviously different in the different periods of growth of Lilium.The radiation and temperature were major factors affecting sap flow.Sap flow rate was positively correlated with radiation and temperature,negatively correlated with relatively humidity.Sap flow and Sap flow rate in rainy days and cloudy are lower than that in sunny days.This research establish the theoretical foundation of water metabolism model and water-saving cultivation of Lilium.It has important significance to adopt appropriate water-saving cultivation model of Lilium.

Abstract:With the Li-6400 system,we measured the diurnal change of photosynthetic rate(P_n),stomatal conductance (G_s),intercellular CO₂ concentration(C_i),transpiration rate(T_r),water use efficiency(WUE) and other physiological indicators of Populus euphratica and P.pruinosa in the middle reaches of Tarim River.The purpose was to explore the physiological characteristics of adaptation to the arid environment and for further study the photosynthetic water physiological characteristics of P.euphratica and P.pruinosa as well as,to protect P.euphratica and P.pruinosa of Tarim basin and to provide research material and theoretical basis.The following results have been obtained:(1)In the entire process of the diurnal variation of photosynthesis,average of P_n,G_s,C_i,T_r and WUE of P.euphratica were higher than those of P.pruinosa.(2)The diurnal variation of photosynthetic rate of P.euphratica and P.pruinosa were double peak curve,and there are the phenomenon that “photosynthetic sleep”.(3)At noon,the photosynthetic rate of P.euphratica,P.pruinosa were decreased that the impact by stomatal limitation.In the evening,the photosynthetic rate of P.euphratica,P.pruinosa were decreased that the impact by the weakened light intensity,the greater impact by non-stomatal limitation.(4)Determine the photosynthetic rate changes of P.euphratica,P.pruinosa,the environmental factors as follows:pho-tosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD)>stomatal conductance (G_s)>air humidity (RH)>air temperature(T_air);decide the transpiration rate of P.euphratica,the environmental factors as follows:T_air>PPFD>G_s>RH;decide the diurnal variation transpiration rate of P.pruinosa the environmental factors as follows:PPFD>T_air>G_s>RH.The P.euphratica and P.pruinosa to adapt to the environment of the arid and semi-arid regions in the long process of adaptation to form different physiological and ecological strategy.P.euphratica improved WUE and took the initiative to adjust stomatic conductance to decrease transpiration,while P.pruinosa reduced the hurt of arid environment and drought with high transpiration and low WUE.

Abstract:Waterlogging is a main stress factor during late growing period of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Huanghuai southern and Yangtze Valley region of China.In order to alleviate waterlogging,the split block design experiment was carried out with wheat variety ‘Yannong 19’ to study regulatory effects of nitrogen nutrient and 6-BA on waterlogging resistance of winter wheat.The results showed that:(1)Post-anthesis waterlogging significantly reduced root system activity,root total absorbing area,root actively absorbing area,chlorophyll content (SPAD reading) of flag leaf,photosynthetic rate (P_n) of flag leaf of winter wheat and highly significantly reduced grain number per spike,1000-grain weight and yield of winter wheat,but had no significant effect on spike number.(2)Treatments of foliar spraying nitrogen nutrient+6-BA,nitrogen nutrient,6-BA,all could significantly improve waterlogging resistance of winter wheat and improved root system activity by 18.7%,14.6%,12.0%,respectively;root total absorbing area by 31.9%,22.1%,19.6%,respectively;root actively absorbing area by 32.5%,21.7%,18.1%,respectively;chlorophyll content (SPAD reading) of flag leaf by 16.2%,9.4%,10.3%,respectively;photosynthetic rate (P_n) of flag leaf by 32.6%,23.3%,23.3%,respectively;grain number per spike by 13.8%,9.3%,8.5%,respectively;1000-grain weight by 17.3%,11.5%,10.5%,respectively;and grain yield by 35.9%,23.5%,20.9%,respectively;while all had no significant effect on spike number.In summary,there were significant positive interactions between nitrogen nutrient and 6-BA.Considered comprehensively,foliar spraying nitrogen nutrient and 6-BA simultaneously was recommended to alleviate negative effects of post-anthesis waterlogging in production.

Abstract:Climate change not only affect the growth of trees but also lead the relationship changing between the growth and climate,many studies had focus on the growth-climate relationship divergence phenomena,while standardization methods also effect this relationship.So to understand the influence of standardization methods on the divergence phenomena in different distributed altitudes,we tested the relationship stability of growth-climate by comparing relationship between the climate and the tree-ring width chronologies in two paired of Picea crassifolia in different elevations by different bootstrap cubic spline detrending methods.(1)With the raising elevation,limited climate factor of P.crassiifolia radial growth shifts from moisture to thermals.(2)At the altitude of 2 700 m,relationship between the radial growth and mean temperature of last December had undergone differentiation,standard chronology fitted by short bootstrap spline retained more precipitation signals;at altitude of 3 000 m,positive correlation of radial growth with mean temperature and precipitation in September of previous year was becoming more significant;at the altitude of 3 300 m,positive correlation between radial growth and precipitation of current Summer in the latter period was no longer significantly,while positive correlation between radial growth and temperature of current Spring and Summer was obviously changed.The short bootstrap spline detreding method highlighted the precipitation signal in 2 700 m,while the long bootstrap highlighted the temperature signals in 3 300 m.All the results indicated that divergence phenomena were effect by the climate signals in the chronologies which was heavily depending on the detrending methods.That suggested it was necessary to choose a suitable spline bootstrap in growth divergence phenomenon studies.

Abstract:By adopting the concept of space as a substitute for time,we analyzed the changes of Levins’ niche breadths and Pianka’s niche overlaps of main common plant populations in different restoration stages of Loropetalum chinense communities distributing in similar site condition in the karst area of Lijiang River Valley.The results showed that:(1)The main common plant populations in arborous layer in different restoration stages of L.chinense communities were L.chinense,Croton xiaopadou.However,the main common plant populations in shrub layer were L.chinense,Alchornea trewioides,Bauhinia championii,Pyracantha fortuneana,Flueggea virosa,Serissa serissoides,Pittosporum planilobum,Sageretia rugosa,Callerya nitida;(2)As a whole,the niche breadths and niche overlaps of main common plant populations in the arborous layer had an increased trend with L.chinense communities restoration.However,the reversed results had occurred in the shrub layer.(3)The niche breadths and niche overlaps of main common plant populations in the arborous layer of shrub to tree stage and in the shrub layer of tree stage were all less than 1.0.The number of the low values of niche overlaps (0～0.6) between main common plant populations in the shrub layer had an increased trend with communities restoration,but the reverse trend occurred with the number of the high values of niche overlaps (0.8～0.9) between main common plant populations in the shrub layer.(4)The main common plant populations of L.chinense and C.xiaopadou in the arborous layer had a status with synergetic development.These two main common plant populations will leading jointly the direction of communities restoration for a long time.The needs to environment resource among main common plant populations in the shrub layer detached or niche separated with community restoration,and the dominant role of L.chinense in communities weaken further.

Abstract:Seventeen strains of endophytic fungi were isolated from the stems,leaves and fruits of Sorbus tianshanica Rupr.,their antimicrobial activities against two tested microorganisms were investigated by using confront culture method and mycelium growth inhibition tests.The results showed that:(1)Endophytic fungus L18 had strong antimicrobial activities to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.and Verticillium dahliae Kleb,respectively.Strain L18 was identified as Penicillium polonicum by its morphological features and phylogenetic analysis based on internal transcribed spacer of rRNA sequence comparison.The antimicrobial substance of strain L18 in the fermentation broth was sensitive to high temperature.After 40 ℃ treatment,antimicrobial activity decreased to 59.1% of the control.It was more stable under ultraviolet than light.However,it could be degraded by proteases.The antimicrobial substance could be effectively extracted by ethyl acetate and indicated that it was low polar.Based on these results,we proposed that its antimicrobial substance may be proteins or peptides.The research revealed the basic features of strain L18 and might help to its further study and application,such as the isolation and purification of its antimicrobial substances.

Abstract:The endophytic fungi were isolated from root,stem and leaf of the host by tissue inoculation culture and five pathogenic fungi and four bacteria strains used as targeting microbes to test microbial inhibition activity by agar plate antagonistic action and modified agar gel diffusion methods.The results indicated that:(1)Eighteen fungal endophytic strains were isolated from the host.Most of them came from leaf,then root and stem,and the isolated strains attribute to four genera,two families,and two orders based on morphological characteristics.(2)For the isolated strains,ten of them were found to have some microbial inhibition activities against two or more pathogenic fungi,making up 55.6% of the total isolates，and eight isolated fungi strains showed inhibition activities against one or more bacteria,respectively,reaching up to 44.4% of the total isolates in number.The strain LBEFL001 and LBEFL006 had evident antifungal activities against 5 pathogenic fungal strains.They ascribed to Aspergillus sp.and Penicilium sp.individually.The strain LBEFR006 and LBEFS002 showed evident antibacterial activities to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa,respectively.They both ascribed to Fusidium sp..The strain LBEFL004 expressed evident antibacterial activities to Bacillus subtilis and S.aureus,belonging to Aspergillus sp..It was found that the medicinal plant Limonium bicolor had relatively abundant fungal endophytic resource,and the isolatded endophytic fungi had evident inhibition activities against plant pathogens and showed relatively broad spectrum,and meanwhile the isolates as a whole had a certain of selectivity for bacterial inhibition,and inclined to be more antagonistic to S.aureus in general.

Abstract:By using grinding method,we successfully separated and purified the endophyte bacteria from the surface disinfected Nepenthes mirabilis organs.Then we respectively used casein plate hydrolysis spot method and shaking flask culture method to conduct primary screening and secondary screening tests to the endophyte bacteria,following by the 16S rDNA identification method to the isolated bacteria strains.As a result,from the leaves,ampulla,roots and stems of N.mirabilis,25 endophytes were isolated,among which the A3 and L5 could produce extracellular protease.A3 had a stronger ability to produce protease:the D/d value of A3 was 6.5,and the protease activity of the fermentation broth was 17.58 U/mL;while,the D/d value of L5 was 3.0 and the protease activity of the fermentation broth was 15.77 U/mL;furthermore,both A3 and L5 showed 99% homologous to Bacillus.Between the two endophytes,A3 was the Bacilus subtilis and L5 might be one new subspecies or new varieties of the B.subtilis.

Abstract:In order to identify parasitic property and to provide foundation for construction and optimization of manual propagation technology of Cistanche deserticola,we studied the medium,method and surroundings condition of in vitro parasitism with aseptic seeding of Haloxylon ammodendron and germinate seed of C.deserticola.The results showed that glass fiber filter was suitable culture medium of in vitro system parasitism of C.deserticola.Under condition of dark,relative humidity at 80% and temperature between 18℃~30℃,germinated seed of C.deserticola parasite H.ammodendron for 8 days,and the highest parasitism rate was 82%.But germinated seed could not parasite H.ammodendron under light condition.

Abstract:Based on specimen collection and identification as well as studies of many other specimens in several major herbaria of China,this paper firstly reported the species Astragalus koburensis Bunge in domestic literature.The previous mistake which identify A.koburensis Bunge with A.galactites Pall.has been corrected.And a species A.ningxiaensis Podlech et L.R.Xu,was reduced to a new synonym of A.koburensis Bunge.Distribution range and eco-geographical characteristics of A.koburensis Bunge in China have also been discussed in this paper.

Abstract:Sinocrassula stenosquamata J.Wang & F.Du is described and illustrated from Deqin County,Yunnan,China.The new species appears to be similar to Sinocrassula densirosulata (Praeger) A.Berger and Sinocrassula yunnanensis (Franchet) A.Berger,but differs by having surface of plant red,papillate;basal leaves smaller,ovate to ovate-lanceolate,0.7～1.1×0.3～0.5 cm;nectar scales rectangle,ca.0.6×0.2 mm;styles slender,ca.1 mm.

Abstract:Aspidistra bicolor H.-J.Tillich is reported as a new record to China.It has been previously known from Vietnam.The detailed description of this species is given where the flower time is re-described,and fruit characters and fruit time are described for the first time.The voucher specimens are hold in Herbarium of Guangxi Institute of Botany (IBK).

Abstract:One new record species of seed plants Cardamine pratensis L.and one semi-escaping introduction species Lobelia chinensis Lour.are reported as the new distribution plants in Hebei Province for the first time.The identification features,characteristics of the habitat and geographical distribution of two species are discussed and their pictures are drawn.

Abstract:Bryophyte fossils provide very important scientific foundation to explore plant kingdom evolution and to reconstruct the ancient climatic environment.Here,through a lot of fossil materials,combining with nowadays advanced science technology and hot issues,we get these conclusions:(1)Bryophyte originated from the equator low latitude region of early Palaeozoic Era.The differentiation between mosses and liverworts took place in Ordovician period or even earlier.The trend of bryophyte diversity is increasing in the whole picture,and it is higher in the equator low latitude region,but the diversity of mosses is obviously different from liverworts diversity in individual geological,highlights.They have different sensitivity to the paleoclimate environment.(2)Both morphological and molecular evolution of bryophyte is slow,but to mosses,liverworts evolution is relatively faster.(3)For the changes and reconstruction of paleoclimate environment,the morphological characteristics,palynology studies,ancient molecular fossil analyses,and the isotope measure of C or O,all provide important scientific bases.Based on the above issues,constructive suggestions and views to the problems of these bryophyte fossil studies were provided.