Abstract:The full-length cDNA sequences of DEFICIENS(DEF) and GLOBOSA(GLO)-like genes were cloned from Paphiopedilum concolor Pfitz.by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE).They were named PcDEF and PcGLO,respectively.Expression transcript levels of PcDEF and PcGLO in different flower bud developmental stages and different tissues were analyzed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and real-time PCR.The results revealed that the full-length cDNA sequences of PcDEF and PcGLO were 1 039 bp and 934 bp,respectively,and encoded 224 and 210 amino acids,respectively.Protein alignment analysis indicated that both PcDEF and PcGLO proteins had typical structure domains of MADS-box protein,containing a MADS domain and a K domain.Protein sequence identity search showed that PcDEF shared 75%~96% similarities with other known DEF/AP3-like MADS-box proteins of Orchidaceae and PcGLO shared 87%~98% similarities with other known GLO/PI-like MADS-box proteins of Orchidaceae.Phylogenetic analysis clearly showed that PcDEF and PcGLO proteins were classed into AP3 and PI subgroups of B group of MADS-box proteins’ family,respectively.Expression analyses revealed that PcDEF and PcGLO were detected in all six flower bud developmental stages,but showed different expression patterns in tissues examined.Compared with the transcripts of PcDEF in columns,sepals,bracts and roots,higher levels in mature flowers,lips and petals,lower levels in flower stems and leaves,and only low transcript levels were detected in ovaries.PcGLO was expressed in all tested tissues,including leaves,roots,flower stems,ovaries,bracts,sepals,petals,lips and columns,but at different abundance.

Abstract:Through RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) and RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends),a 1 683 bp fragment containing entire Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter coding region of 560 amino acids (aa) has been obtained from extreme xerophyte and salt-tolerant plant Haloxylon ammodendron.The amino acid sequence contains a high conservative sequence-binding domain of amiloride (LFFIYLLPPI).The nucleotide sequence of HaNHX cDNA shared 70%~80% identity with that in the same families,and 60% identity with those of other families.This analysis suggested that the HaNHX genes are evolutionarily diversified although they all have a binding domain of amiloride and a high specificity on Na⁺ which is of great importance in salt tolerance.

Abstract:Used plasmid pCAMBAR.CHI.11 as donor,the seeds of maize ‘Chang 7-2’,soybean ‘Jinyi 19’ and sorghum ‘Jinliang 5’ as acceptor,bar gene was introduced into crop plants by non-tissue-culture transformation method.The results of PCR amplification and Southern hybridization analysis showed that the transgenic plants derived from wounded-embryo seeds of maize,soybean and sorghum were obtained.The transformation frequency was up to 5%,in contrast,while the transformation frequency of normal seeds was 0.Acetosyringone solution at final concentration of 200 μmol/L in medium could make transformation frequency of maize seeds 8 times higher than that of CK.In addition,the supersonic wave (300 W) treatment further enhanced 60% of transformation frequency.Compare with CK,the ratio of seedling of each crop wound-embryo seeds were reduced greatly,only 17%.The Basta-tolerance activity experiment of 3 crops with wounded-embryo seeds was conducted in the laboratory.The investigation results of the experiment suggested that a little difference of Basta-tolerance activity of 3 crops was existed among them.The critical values of maize,soybean and sorghum that can endured damage of herbicide were 0.15%,0.1% or 0.05%,respectively.The results of Basta-sprayting experiment in the field further also confirmed that the crop rank according to their Basta-tolerance activity was sorghum＜soybean＜maize.However,the crop rank according to their Basta-susceptibility became soybean＜sorghum＜maize.We sprayed Basta solution at different development stage in the field,the results (T₂) showed that,compared with that of spraying Basta at early development stage,the Basta-susceptibility of each crop had a little reduced when spraying Basta at later development stage.Spraying Basta at early stage of growth,the ratio of living seedlings of maize,soybean and sorghum were 57%,49% and 52%,respectively,but spraying Basta at later stage of growth,it became 77%,70% and 73%,respectively.PCR amplification results of all samples come from these material displayed the ratio of PCR positive-result was up to 80%.The result indicated that the difference of the Basta-tolerance activity or Basta-susceptibility of each crop plant resulted in the difference of the ratio of living seedling.The results of PCR amplification and southern hybridization analysis to T₁～T₃ plants showed the target transgene could inheritance steadily.

Abstract:Total RNA was isolated from tomato (cv.‘Zhongshu No.4’) leaves using the specific primers designed according to the sequence of cell wall invertase gene in GenBank.A fragment about 416bp was amplified by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction.Sequence analysis showed the amplified fragment was the LIN6 cDNA fragment of the cell wall invertase gene.The fragment was inserted into plant expression vector pBinAR between CaMV 35S promoter and OCS terminator to form an antisense plant expression vector pBinAR-aLIN6.Five transgenic tomato plants (cv.MicroTom),identified by PCR and Southern hybrids detection,were obtained through transferring of EHA105/pBinAR-aLIN6.The activity of cell-wall invertase in the leaves of those five antisense plants was found decreasing by 67.9%,13.4%,73.5%,85.6% and 58.0%,respectively.

Abstract:In order to afford a theoretical basis for the further study of QTL mapping of fruit traits and molecular marker assisted breeding program in pepper,we used the mixed major gene plus polygene inheritance model to analyze the inheritance of 6 fruit traits in pepper with four generations of C.annuum B₉₄₃₁ (P₁) and C.frutescens H₁₀₈ (P₂) and their F₁,F₂.All examined traits showed the models of two major genes plus polygenes,among which fruit mass,fruit length,fruit diameter,fruit shape index and flesh thickness were apt to E-0 model,namely two additive-domiance-epistatic major genes plus additive-dominance-epistatic polygene model.Fruit peduncle was fitting E-5 model which was two complete dominant major genes plus additive-dominance polygene model.The heritability of major gene for the six fruit traits of fruit mass,fruit length,fruit diameter,fruit shape index,flesh thickness and fruit peduncle were 87.64%,37.67%,82.46%,94.82%,83.33% and 40.00%,and the heritability of polygene for the six fruit traits were 7.50%,54.56%,10.53%,0.27%,12.96% and 37.78%,respectively.

Abstract:The mixed major-gene plus polygene inheritance model was used to analyze the inheritance of leaf lobes in Brassica rapa with six generations of P₁ (smooth leaf margin inbreed line)and P₂ (leaf margin nick inbreed line)and their F₁,B₁,B₂ and F₂.The result shows that the number of leaf lobes is controlled by two major genes with additive-dominance-epistatic effects plus poly-genes with additive-dominance effects (E-1 model)in hybrid.The additive effects of the two major genes are -1.154 7 and -1.154 8,respectively,and the dominance effects of the two major genes are -1.516 8 and 1.034 9,respectively;The heritability of the major genes in B₁,B₂ and F₂ are 88.48%，90.40% and 93.03%,respectively,but the polygene heritability only be checked in B₁,which is 4.114%.It indicated that the leaf lobes in B.rapa was dominated by major genes.This implies that in the genetic improvement of leaf lobes trait major gene is the main factor.It is fit for early selection.

Abstract:Anatomical and histochemical methods were used to investigate micromorphological characters and locality of catalpol and polysaccharide in Rehmannia glutinosa leaves.(1)Both adaxial and abaxial leaf surface of R.glutinosa possess glandular and non-glandular trichomes.Glandular trichomes can be classified into short-stalked and long-stalked.The secretion of these glandular trichomes is mainly compounds of flavnoids and polysaccharide.Anomocytic stomata are distributed on both leaf surfaces.Although stomatal density of abaxial surface is well above than that of adaxial surface,but stomatal index difference is modest.Palisade parenchyma cells are arranged densely in two to three layers.Irregular spongy parenchyma cells have irregular-shaped cells with large intercellular spaces.(2)Histochemical tests indicated that yellow-speckled spongy parenchyma cells which concentrate at the end of the teeth near the leaf margin contain a combination of catalpol and polysaccharide.Parenchyma cells in cortex,phloem and xylem are locality of catalpol and polysaccharide.

Abstract:The development of gametophyte and oogenesis of the fern Coniogramme emeiensis Ching et Shing are studied by light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).The spores germinate about 7 days after sowed.They develop into cordate prothallus through filament and plate stages.The adult prothallia,usually hermaphroditic,produce antheridia in the basal and archegonia near the apical notch of the prothallus.Studies on the oogenesis show that the archegonium of the C.emeiensis develops from a superficial cell,i.e.the initial cell of archegonium.The initial cell forms a tier of three cells by two divisions.The middle cell,i.e.the primary cell,finally develops into a neck canal cell,a ventral canal cell and an egg by two unequal divisions.Plasmodesmata connect the egg and the ventral canal cell when the egg is newly formed.During maturation,a separation cavity forms around the egg,but plasmodesmata still connect the egg and the ventral canal cell in the pore region.In the mid stage of oogenesis,the nucleus produces extensive evaginations.In the later stage of oogenesis,an egg envelop forms around the egg,the absence of egg envelope from the pore region,where the egg and ventral canal cell were formerly interconnected,produces a fertilization pore.At this stage,the numbers of the evaginations are reduced.This study elaborated the whole processes of gametophyte development,archegomium formation and oogenesis in C.emeiensis,which have some science significance to reveal the evolutionary relationship of Hemionitidaceae in the ferns.

Abstract:In this study,the karyotypes of Oriental hybrids group ‘Siberia’,Oriental hybrids group ‘Manissa’and their interspecific hybrids were analyzed to investigate the genetic characteristics.The results showed that female parent (‘Siberia’) was diploid and male parent (‘Manissa’) was triploid.6 hybrid lines F₁ were diploid,2 hybrid lines F₁ were aneuploid and their number of chromosomes was 25 and 26,respectively.The karyotype formula of ‘Siberia’ was 4m(1SAT)+10st(1SAT)+10t belonging to ‘3B’and ‘Manissa’ was 3m+18st(1SAT)+15t(1SAT) belonging to ‘3B’ according to Stebbins classification of karyotypic asymmetry.F₁ showed different karyotypes,among lines a,b and h belonged to ‘3B’,c,d,e and f belonged to ‘3A’,and g belonged to ‘4B’.F₁ had satellite and more telocentric chromosomes,so they were true progeny,with a genetic tendency to their female parent.

Abstract:To probe into systematic position of Hypericum elatoides,we studied seed macro- and micro-morphology of 9 species from 5 sections in the genus Hypericum L..The result shows the evident divergence in seed morphology among different sections.Seeds of Sect.Ascyreia are relatively longer and thinner.Testa sculpturings are long rectangular reticula.Seeds of Sect.Roscyna are thicker.Testa sculpturings are polygonal reticula of approximately identical length and width.Seeds of H.sampsonii (Sect.Sampsonii),H.perforatum (Sect.Hypericum) and H.petiolulatum subsp.yunnanense (Sect.Elodeoida) are all smaller in size,but their testa sculpturings are quite different.H.sampsonii has areolate reticula;H.perforatum has circular reticula with spaces in neighbor reticula;H.petiolulatum subsp.yunnanense has double reticula.Seed morphology of H.elatoides is similar to that of Sect.Roscyna.Therefore,evidence from seed morphology suggests that systematic position of H.elatoides is in Sect.Roscyna.

Abstract:Pollen morphology and exine ornamentation of 28 eggplant materials and their related species were examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM).The results showed that the pollen shape of all the materials were prolate.They all had 3 colporates which annularly distributed in equal space,and extended to the two poles.The pollen sculptural type of eggplant was granular.There were difference on pollen grain sizes and sculptural features among different varieties.Pollen grain size could be as a basis to deduce the evolution among different shape of eggplant cultivars.The cluster analysis was conducted on some typical pollen morphology,and the results showed that the studied materials could be classified into two clusters:cultivars and their related species.The result was similar to that of traditional classification.

Abstract:In maize (Zea mays L.) cells,the source of apoplast hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) induced by water stress (-0.7 MPa induced by polyethylene glycol) have been proposed,using different inhibitors for each enzymes,the histochemical and cytochemical observation and the analysis of the eyzeme activities.The results indicated that,the plasma membrane (PM) oxidase,cell wall peroxidase (POD) and the polyamine oxidases (PAO) take part in the H₂O₂ accumulation induced by water stress.Among them,NADPH oxidase could be the major soure of the apoplastic H₂O₂ production induced by water stress.The activities of PM NADPH oxidase,cell wall POD and apoplast PAO were all decreased significantly compared to that in the tugstate-pretreated maize plants,which indicated that ABA accumulation induced by water stress participated in the activation of the three enzymes.The results suggested that ABA accumulation induced by water stress can lead to significant increases in apoplast H₂O₂ accumulation through up-regulating the activities of the PM NADPH oxidases,cell wall POD and apoplast PAO.

Abstract:With vermiculite culture,seed filling,and their antioxidant system and osmotic regulation substances of two vegetable soybean cultivars with different salt tolerance were studied under 100 mmol/L NaCl stress.The results showed that:(1)Seed enlargement was normal for salt resistant cultivar ‘Lülingtezao’,but seed enlargement was inhibited for salt susceptible cultivar ‘Lixianggaochan 95-1’ under NaCl stress for 15 h.(2)O^-·₂ producting rate,H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in seeds of two cultivars were significantly increased under NaCl stress,while the increasing amount of salt resistant cultivar ‘Lülingtezao’ was lower than those of salt susceptible cultivar ‘Lixianggaochan 95-1’.(3)During the period of NaCl stress,the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD),ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR),the contents of ascorbic acid (AsA),soluble protein and soluble sugar of ‘Lülingtezao’ were relatively higher compared with those of ‘Lixianggaochan 95-1’,and its activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT),content of reduced glutathione (GSH) maintained relatively higher values in the intermediate,later,early and intermediate periods,respectively,under NaCl stress compared with those of ‘Lixianggaochan 95-1’.These results indicated that ‘Lülingtezao’ could maintain higher and mutually concordant activities of SOD,POD and CAT,maintain efficient metabolism of AsA-GSH cycle and stronger osmotic regulation ability.These resulted in the effective inhibition of lipid peroxidation,which might be one of the important reasons for stronger salt tolerance of ‘Lülingtezao’.

Abstract:The experiment was carried out to study the effects of iso-osmotic Ca(NO₃)₂ and NaCl stress on the growth and osmotic substances of cucumber ‘Jinchun No.2’ (with less salt resistance) seedlings in hydroponics.The results showed that:(1)The fresh and dry biomass weight were significantly decreased under both salt stress,but the decreased degree that under NaCl stress exceeded under Ca(NO₃)₂ stress.The root activity,K⁺ content in root,K⁺/Na⁺ ratio,root-shoot ratio were significantly decreased,but the root relative membrane permeability increased significantly under 84 mmol·L^-1 NaCl stress.(2)NaCl stress inhibited seedlings growth mainly by restraining root growth;However,the effects of Ca(NO₃)₂ stress on the root relative membrane permeability,K⁺ content,and the ratio of K⁺/Na⁺ were less than that under NaCl stress.The root activity and root-shoot ratio were significantly increased under Ca(NO₃)₂ stress,but the leaf water content and osmotic adjustment was less than that under NaCl stress.(3)Soluble sugar is the main osmotic adjustment substance under NaCl stress,but mainly soluble protein under Ca(NO₃)₂ stress.The results showed that both treatments caused damage to cucumber seedlings plant,and iso-osmotic NaCl stress brought about heavier damage than that of Ca(NO₃)₂ stress.Ca(NO₃)₂ stress inhibited growth mainly by inducing physiological drought and NaCl mainly by destroying root plasma membrane structure.

Abstract:The effects of exogenous MeJA at five concentrations of 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20 and 0.25 mmol·L^-1 on seed germination,seedling growth,the oxidative damage and the protective enzyme activities of the leaves of Perilla frutescens were measured under high air humidity (95%) for 12 hours at 50℃.The results indicated that the damages to the P.frutescens caused by the high temperature and air humidity were most significantly relieved by the 0.15 mmol·L^-1 MeJA.The seed germination rate,germination potentiality,germination index and vigor index increased to the maximum with 40.84%,31.83%,8.83 and 1.35,respectively.MDA content decreased to the minimum with 0.15 μmol·g^-1.The protective enzymes of SOD,CAT,LOX,POD and APX increased to the maximum with 0.27 U·mg^-1,4.7,5.7,4.9 and 8.9 U·g^-1·min^-1,respectively.Based on the data reported,we conclude that MeJA can relieve oxidative damage under high temperature and high air humidity stress,enhance the activity of protective enzymes and stimulate P.frutescens seed germination and seedling growth.

Abstract:‘Xizhoumi 25’ Hami melon as test materials,the total four treatments:melon soaked in 55℃ hot water for 3 min,melon coated by 2% of chitosan,melon treated by two combination (heat treatment+chitosan coating),melon not treated as CK,then the melons were inoculated Alternaria alternata.The changes of disease resistance and physiology and biochemistry of melon were mainly studied.The results showed that electrolyte permeability,the respiratory rate and ethylene production rate were inhibited obviously,and GHT,GLU,PLA and POD activities were increased significantly at the post-storage by three treatments comparing with CK,thus the addition of lesion diameter and lesion depth were decreased effectively during storage,the resistance of disease was enhanced,rot was prevented effectively.The combination treatment was the best.

Abstract:Dongzao jujube fruit were stored at 0℃ 60 days and at 25℃ with 5 days of shelf period to investigate the effect of clove oil treatments on the decay control and its relation to the induction of disease resistance.Results indicated that the treatment with clove oil significantly inhibited decay incidence,maintained higher levels of phenylalanine ammonium-lyase,polyphenol oxidase,peroxidase and total phenolic content during storage at 0℃.Fruit treated with clove oil also have significant less decay rate and higher levels of phenylalanine ammonium-lyase,polyphenol oxidase,peroxidase and total phenolic content in the fifth day of shelf period at 25℃.The 0.50% clove oil treatment showed more significant effects than other treatments.The results suggested that the inhibition of fruit decay by clove oil treatment was related to the induction of defensive enzyme activities.