Abstract:Saussurea involucrata plasma membrane aquaporin protein gene sikPIP₃ was cloned from S.involucrata DNA library which was prepared in laboratory by PCR technique.Then a plant expression vector pBI121-sikPIP₃ was constructed using sikPIP₃ gene.The transgenic tobacco was further obtained through Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation of tobacco NC89.PCR and RT-PCR analysis indicated that the plasma membrane aquaporin protein gene sikPIP₃ had been integrated into the genome.Water stress method was introduced to analyze drought resistance and freezing stress method was used to analyze cold resistance.The results showed that:(1)Plasma membrane aquaporin protein gene sikPIP₃ was cloned;(2)Growth phenotype of transgenic tobacco is better than that of wild-type after drought treatment,especially under the circumstances without water for 9 days.The wild-type tobacco is wilting completely,and transgenic ones presented mild wilting symptoms;Physiological index analysis results showed that relative conductivity and MDA content of transgenic tobacco is lower than that of wild-type,but relative water content is higher.The drought resistance of sikPIP₃ transgenic tobacco is better than that of wild-type.(3)Growth phenotype of transgenic tobacco is better than that of wild-type after stress treatment with different temperatures,specially under the condition of -4℃ cold treatment for 6 h.The wild-type was wilting completely,however the transgenic-type only emerged little injure spot.Physiological index analysis results showed that relative conductivity and MDA content of genetic tobacco is lower than that of wild-type.The cold resistance of sikPIP₃ transgenic tobacco is better than that of wild-type.Comprehensive results indicated that sikPIP₃ gene has nice applications in resistance genetic engineering.

Abstract:In this study,a full-length cDNA sequence of stachyose synthase gene was obtained from Brassica napus cultivar ‘Deyou 5’ for the first time using RT-PCR and RACE,named BnSTS (GenBank accession No.HQ285880.1).The full length of BnSTS is 3 210 bp,and the ORF is 2 619 bp,encoding 873 amino acids.Prokaryotic expression showed the recombinant plasmid can express the prospective proteins.Homology analysis of amino acid sequence of BnSTS showed the highest 82.08% similarity with STS from Arabidopsis thaliana.The Real-Time PCR indicated that gene expression level and the concentration of stachyose in different development stage of seeds were associated.Gene expression and the acquirement of desiccation tolerance of seeds had a time consistency trend,suggesting that the gene may play an important role in seed desiccation tolerance mechanisms.

Abstract:To better understand the expression and function of the High Mobility Group Protein B (HMGB) family genes in Arabidopsis,we cloned the first five genes encoding HMGB proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana genome:AtHMGB1,AtHMGB2,AtHMGB3,AtHMGB4 and AtHMGB5.Real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) analysis was employed to determine the transcript levels of HMGB genes accurately in Arabidopsis wild-type under plant phytohormone treatment.Binary vectors carrying the AtHMGB2,AtHMGB4 and AtHMGB5 genes were transformed into Arabidopsis to detect the phenotype of the transgenic Arabidopsis induced by ABA.Our results proved that AtHMGB2 was more abundantly expressed than other family members,whereas AtHMGB4 and AtHMGB5 were more abundantly expressed in roots and flowers than in stems and leaves.The expression level of the AtHMGB family genes were markedly regulated by ABA induction,especially the AtHMGB2.Under ABA treatment,the transgenic Arabidopsis plants that over-expressed AtHMGB2 displayed retarded germination and subsequent growth compared with the wild-type Arabidopsis.Overexpression of AtHMGB4 and AtHMGB5 had little impact on seed germination and seedling growth of the plants by ABA induction.Taken together,these results provide a novel basis for understanding the biological functions of AtHMGB family members under ABA conditions.

Abstract:Multiple alignment of 22 NAC transcription factors,including 14 abiotic stress related NAC transcription factors and 8 NAC transcription factors involved different biological functions ,was done and phylogenetic tree was built.Analysis and prediction of the amino acid composition,physical and chemical properties,hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity,conservative domain,the secondary structure,sub-cellular localization,and tertiary structure of 14 abiotic stress related NAC transcription factors were done with the help of bioinformatics tools.The results showed that 22 NAC transcription factors were divided into two groups，including a group of abiotic stress related NAC transcription factors and the rest ones;A,B,C,D and E subdomains constituted the NAC domain which were in N-terminus of 14 abiotic stress related NAC transcription factors,3 common motifs were also located in NAC domain;The C-terminus contained several conservative amino acid residues and many phosphorylation sites,was involved in transcriptional regulation;A,C,D subdomains were the main hydrophilic areas of abiotic stress related NAC proteins,and most of them were located in nucleus ,only a few ones in cytoplasm or mitochodria;α-helix and β-sheet were the primary secondary structure of abiotic stress related NAC proteins;Similarity of tertiary structure of RD26 and ANAC indicated that they would have the similar functions.

Abstract:Drought is one of the most severe environmental factors that may impair growth and development of plant and decrease crop productivity.Thellungiella halophila,an Arabidopsis-related halophyte is an emerging model used for plant abiotic stress tolerance research.The proteome investigation of the response of drought stress in T.halophila leaf will advance the understanding on how plant adapt to drought stress.In this study,a proteomic study based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis is performed in order to analyze the drought stress response of T.halophila.Totally,63 differentially displayed spots are determined,including 31 up-regulated,14 newly-appeared,15 down-regulated and 3 disappeared protein spots.Nine differentially displayed spots,including thioredoxin,ferritin-1 and lectin are identified by mass spectrometry analysis.Function classification analysis of the nine identified proteins reveals that the drought tolerance of T.halophila is achieved,at least partly,by enhancing ROS scavenging,adjusting energy metabolism and maintaining photosynthesis function.

Abstract:ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeat) molecular markers were employed to investigate the genetic relationship among 33 species of Begonia.We chose 13 polymorphic primers from 70 primers to analyze their genetic relationships with popgen32 software.UPGMA results showed that the genetic distances among the 33 Begonia species were between 0.188 9 and 0.932 8,the polymorphism percentage is 97.54% and the Shannon diversity index was 0.551 9,the Nei’s gene diversity index was 0.376 0.With their rich genetic variations,the UPGMA analysis goes well with the recent classifications.With similar ecological and geographical conditions,the populations clusters firstly.

Abstract:The study plant was autotetraploid ‘Han Fu’ apple,which was doubled by colchicin from a diploid.The leaves of autotetraploid and diploid plants were compared by using the methods of paraffin section,scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters diurnal fluctuations.The results showed that:(1)The thickness of leaf,the P/S,the length of stoma,the width of stoma,the number of chloroplasts per guard cell pair and the content of chlorophyll of autotetraploid were increased by 15.1%,16.1%,70.5%,27.2%,125.3% and 37.7%,but the density of stomata was decreased by 58.7% than that of diploid.The different was significant.The variation tendency of F_v/F_m,F_v/F₀ and PI value were similar.The average performance index (PI) value in autotetraploid apple was increased by 38.6% than that of diploid.So,the leaves of autotetraploid were more big,more thick.The stomata were more bigger and the stoma density was more smaller.It suggested the autotetraploid had better disease resistance and photosynthetic performance than that of diploid.

Abstract:With Pistacia chinensis as materials,which were treated by foliar spray method,this paper studied that the effects of PP₃₃₃ and CCC treatment on leaf anatomical structure,pigment content,photosynthetic and physiological indices and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters.The results were as follows:the leaf thickness,palisade tissue thickness,sponge tissue thickness and pigment content firstly increased and then decreased with increasing concentrations of growth regulators,as the same as the net photosynthetic rate (P_n),ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence (F_v/F_m),potential photochemical efficiency (F_v/F₀),energy fluxes per excited cross-sections for absorption (ABS/CS),trapping (TR_o/CS) and electron transport (ET_o/CS).All of these indices reached the maximum when PP₃₃₃ concentration is 800 mg/L and CCC concentration is 500 mg/L,and the results indicated that the net photosynthetic rate(P_n) of P.chinensis was significantly increased with 800 mg/L of PP₃₃₃ and 500 mg/L of CCC.Study found that the increase of thickness ratio of palisade tissue and sponge tissue and content of chlorophyll improved the ability of light capture and absorption light energy of leaves,and the increase of openness degree and actinity of PSⅡ reaction centers ensured the efficient transfer of light energy and reduced the heat dissipation of energy.All of above is the response mechanism that growth regulators increase the net photosynthetic rate of nursery stock and ensure the efficient photosynthesis of nursery stock.

Abstract:Nitrogen-limited culture is a kind of method improving the oil content of Chlorella sorokiniana.The biomass,water content and fluorescence parameters of chlorella cultivated under nitrogen-limited medium were investigated.The results showed that the biomass and water content of chlorella under nitrogen-limited culture declined 18% and 7%,respectively;the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (F_v/F_m),apparent quantum efficiency (α) and maximum photosynthetic electron transport rate (rETR_max) rapidly fell during the course of nitrogen-limited culture,and fell to close zero by the later period of culture;the minimum saturating irradiance (E_k,light-resistant index) firstly rapidly decreased from the early logarithmic period,and then remarkably increased during stable period;the minimum fluorescence(F₀) obviously increased during the nitrogen-limited culture.These results showed that nitrogen-limited culture significantly influenced the structure and function of PSⅡ in chlorella.

Abstract:With tomato variety shanghai ‘Hezuo 903’ as material,we investigated the effects of exogenous spermidine (Spd,1mmol·L^-1) on plant growth,chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic characteristics,and active oxygen metabolism in tomato seedlings under 75 mmol·L^-1 Ca(NO₃)₂ stress by hydroponic culture,and studied the mechanism of how exogenous spermidine ease the Ca(NO₃)₂ stress.The results showed that Ca(NO₃)₂ stress can significantly reduce plant growth.However,in the treatment of Spd for 9 d under Ca(NO₃)₂ stress,the seedlings height,stem diameter,the fresh and dry weight were significantly increased by 70.9%,15.8%,43.4%,41.4%,respectively.The chlorophyll a content,chlorophyll b content,P_n,G_s,T_r,rETR,q_P were increased by 6.6%,18.0%,31.0%,4.9%,5.0%,respectively，while C_i,q_N were decreased by 21.5% and 8.1%,respectively.The activities of SOD and CAT in leaves were significantly enhanced by 10.7% and 37.5%,respectively,while the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and O^-·₂ producing rate were significantly decreased by 34.5%,17.1%,respectively.These results showed that exogenous Spd can effectively remove reactive oxygen species by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes in tomato seedlings,maintain the stability of the photosynthetic apparatus,increase their photosynthetic rate,and thus ease the Ca(NO₃)₂ stress on tomato seedling damage.

Abstract:The disease index,reactive oxygen species（H₂O₂ and O^-·₂）content and activities of CAT,SOD and POD were examined in tomato leaves treated with CaCl₂,EGTA and methyl jasmonate,and then inoculated with Botrytis cinerea.Results showed that:(1)Ca,MeJA and both combined treatment (MeJA+Ca) decreased the incidence rates of tomato seedlings by 32.5%,38.0% and 54.5% compared with control,while the treatment with MeJA+Ca caused a significant decrease of disease incidence by 32.6% and 15.3% as compared to the treatment with Ca or MeJA.MeJA+EGTA treatment was higher by 30.3% than that of MeJA treatment,lower by 13.1% than that of EGTA treatment.The Ca handling was less by 34.2% than that of EGTA treatment.(2)Compared with the control,Ca,MeJA and MeJA+Ca treatment promoted the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in leaves.The active oxygen content of MeJA+Ca treatment was higher than that of single Ca or MeJA treatment.The accumulation of reactive oxygen species were inhibited by MeJA+EGTA compared with MeJA,but higher than that of EGTA treatment.The active oxygen content of Ca treatment was higher than that of EGTA treatment.(3)The SOD,CAT,POD activities were increased significantly treated with Ca,MeJA and the highest was MeJA+Ca treatment.The treatment sprayed with MeJA+EGTA,however,reduced the antioxidant enzyme activities compared with MeJA,but enhanced compared with EGTA treatment.The antioxidant enzyme activities of Ca handling were higher than that of EGTA treatment.This suggested calcium could adjust resistance to B.cinerea induced by methyl jasmonate.This result is related with the role that calcium promoted methyl jasmonate-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen and antioxidant enzyme activities.

Abstract:Effects of Al stress on membrane lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities of black soybean for acid-resistant type (Glycine max Tamba,referred to RB) and acid-sensitive type (referred to SB) were investigated under hydroponic conditions in this study.The results showed that RB was more resistant to Al stress than that of SB.H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde contents in SB leaves and roots were elevated more obviously than those in RB leaves and roots under Al stress,indicating that membrane lipid peroxidation in SB was greater than that in RB.Enzyme activity measurement suggested no significant difference was observed in leaf and root SOD activity between RB and SB under Al stress.However,leaf and root CAT activity were all induced and elevated markedly after RB and SB were treated with different concentration of Al.Moreover,leaf and root POD activity in RB displayed a descending trend but were still higher significantly than those in SB under Al stress.As compared with SB,RB possesses a stronger antioxidant enzyme system which confers on it a higher ability to scavenge ROS under Al stress.Thus,Al-induced lipid peroxidation was weaker in RB than that in SB.The data suggested that antioxidant enzyme system plays an important role in the Al-resistance mechanism of RB.

Abstract:By method of Petri dish bioassay and biochemical analysis,the allelopathy mechanism of juglone were researched through effect-testing of juglone with different concentrations on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat.The results indicated that:(1)The low concentration (4 and 20 μmol·L^-1) of juglone has high hasten effect on seed germination and seedling growth,which promoted the content of soluble protein and decreased the content of malondiadehyde (MDA) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD).(2)With the concentration of juglone increasing (100～1 250 μmol·L^-1),the activity of SOD of wheat was firstly increased and then decreased,and the content of MDA was getting higher.Besides,the α-amylase activity and the content of soluble protein and the relative water content were declined.(3)Under 1 250 μmol·L^-1 juglone treatment,cells were degraded gradually,cell structure was in disorder and had a severe twist,vascular bundle was disappeared,cell walls had a twist with slight plasmolysis,chloroplast was damaged and reduced,while cell nucleus were damaged.In summary,with the increasing concentration of juglone,the allelopathy effect was raised.The degree of membrane lipid peroxidation was strengthened and the activities of protective enzymes and seed germination and seedling growth were inhibited.

Abstract:Illicium lanceolatum is a unique plant in traditional Chinese medicine.The shikimic acid,extracted from I.lanceolatum,has functions of anti-inflammatory,analgesic and inhibiting platelet aggregation,arterial and venous thrombosis and cerebral thrombosis.It can also function as an intermediate for anti-virus and anti-cancer drugs.For example,it is a vital element of Oseltamivirphosphate for anti-Avian Influenza.Because of this,I.lanceolatum and other species in this genus have been given an unprecedented attention and have potential for further development and utilization.The primary objective of the study was to examine the physiological and biochemical foundation of growth and biomass accumulation of I.lanceolatum seedlings and to provide theoretical guidance for regular cultivation.The chlorophyll fluorescence kinetic technique was used in this study.The kinetic parameters of fast chlorophyll fluorescence were measured for 4-year-old I.lanceolatum seedlings in Zhejiang Province of China,under different light shading treatments (0%,50% and 80% shading) using a plant efficiency analyzer (PEA) and JIP-test,to provide the scientific bases for developing a high efficiency artificial cultivation techniques of I.lanceolatum with high content of shikimic acid.The results showed that:(1)Chlorophyll a (Chl a),chlorophyll b (Chl b) and total chlorophyll content (Chl(a+b)) increased with the increasing of shading degree and were significantly different with the full light (P<0.05).The value of Chl a/Chl b in two shading treatments decreased by 22.92% and 31.56% and had significant differences with full sunlight (P<0.01).(2)The maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem Ⅱ(F_v/F_m) decreased as the shading level increased.(3)Comparing with the control (100% light),the ratio of F_v/F_m for 50% and 80% shading treatments decreased by 1.34% and 2.79%,respectively.Comparing with the control,the density of reaction centers (RC/CS) decreased by 2.94% and 13.63% for 50% and 80% shading treatments,respectively and the energy dissipation per RC(DIo/RC) increased by 2.2% and 62.9%,respectively.ANOVA analysis showed that actual light use efficiency,the fraction of absorbed light in photochemistry (P),for I.lanceolatum leaf under 50% shading exhibited no significant difference from the control (P>0.05).However,for I.lanceolatum leaf under 80% shading,there was a significant decrease of the fraction of absorbed light in photochemistry (P<0.01).We concluded that I.lanceolatum seedlings under 50% shading could enhance the actual light use efficiency and help to improve biomass accumulation and content of shikimic acid of I.lanceolatum plants.

Abstract:In this paper,we reported the physiological and cell ultra-structure changes in leaves of one-year old Passiflora edulis cane under -6℃ cold stress treatment.Our results demonstrated that:(1)Relative electrical conductivity (REC),contents of MDA and H₂O₂ in leaves of room temperature treatment group increased under -6℃ cold stress,but REC and MDA contents in leaves of cold-hardening treatment group declined 24.79% and 49.29%,respectively,after 12 hours or 72 hours treatment comparing to room temperature treatment group.(2)The content of H₂O₂ in room temperature treatment group increased 1.20 folds at 48 hours treatment comparing to 0 hour treatment and increased 1.14 folds at 48 hours treatment comparing to cold-hardening treatment group.(3)Proline content was detected to increase during treatment and the content of cold-hardening treatment group increased 15.48% than that of room temperature treatment group after 72 hours treatment.(4)Cold-hardening treatment group enhanced cold tolerance in P.edulis through activiting antioxidative system,such as,POD,CAT,SOD.The activities of the three enzymes were showed to reach peak after 12 hours (POD) and 24 hours (CAT,SOD) of treatment,then decreased.(5)We observed phenomena as chloroplast granas tumidness,karyothecas disappearing and plasmalemma invagination in room temperature treatment group under the electronic microscope.These symptoms were not very obvious at 24~48 hours of treatment,but turned to be serious after 72 hours cold stress.The degree of cold hurting to chloroplasts in cold-hardening treatment group were lighter than that in room temperature treatment group.The results obtained from this study hinted that cold-hardening treatment could help to increase cold endurance for P.edulis.

Abstract:The content changes of endogenous hormones of northeastern Tibetan plateau endemism species Picea crassifolia during flower bud differentiation were determined and analyzed.The results show that:(1)The changes of endogenous hormones GAs,IAA,ZR and ABA were similar;They all have peaks at the earlier stage of flower bud physiology differentiation and morphology differentiation.The ratios of ZR/GAs,ZR/IAA have peaks during flower bud physiological differentiation,while the ratio of ABA/GAs has an increasing trend.(2)During flower bud physiology differentiation,both the soluble sugar and protein in the terminal bud and lateral bud are all in peak;During the early morphology differentiation,the content of protein in the terminal bud and lateral bud decreased,while the soluble sugar content continue to rise,and in the flower bud differentiation,the content of nucleic acid is in a increasing trend.A high rate of ZR/GAs,ZR/IAA is benefited to the flower bud physiological differentiation of P.crassifolia,but might not be necessary for the flower bud morphology differentiation;While a high rate of ABA/ GAs,ABA/IAA might be indispensable.The accumulation of the structure material and energy,such as soluble sugar,protein and nucleic acid is helpful for the completion of the P.crassifolia flower bud differentiation.

Abstract:This test selected Fuji Apple in northwest arid area as research object.By using Thermal Dissipation Probe to successively measure the stem sap flow and automatic weather station to synchronously record the change of circumstance factors,we investigated the effects of circumstance factors on stem sap flow velocity (SFV).The main results showed that:Stem sap flow velocity of Fuji Apple in a series of days took on irregular sine curve with different peak values which decreased during the night and increased during the daytime;the sap flow velocity took on obvious single peak curve in clear days while in cloudy days it presented double peak curve or multi peak curve.Whether it was clear days or cloudy days,apple still had weak movement in the night,this phenomenon may have relationship with the unique geographical position and climate condition of Aksu;during the main growth period,sap flow velocity (Fs) had multiple correlation with atmospheric temperature (T_a),solar radiation (Rn) and relative humidity (RH),among which atmospheric temperature was the main influencing factor;in the whole growing season,the total water consumption of Fuji Apple was 4 059.64 L,of which water consumption in July was 765.34 L which was the highest,taking 18.85 percent of total water consumption.Research indicated that thermal dissipation probe can accurately measure the sap flow velocity and water consumption of Fuji Apple,furthermore,the main environment factors affect sap flow velocity are in the sequence of atmospheric temperature (T_a),solar radiation (Rn),relative humidity (RH).

Abstract:Using the assay systems of spectrophotometric method,we determined the variation of the total phenolics content and antioxidant activity in different organs of Capparis spinosa in different months which collected from the south part of Xinjiang.The results showed that:(1)Thephenolics distribute in every organs of C.spinosa in every months,in which the flowers ranged of the highest one in all organs,while the lowest was stem.In addition,dynamic changing of total phenolics content display that the highest level in flowers in May,as the time goes by the total phenolics content in flowers was reducing.It is similar tendencies of the total phenolics concentration changed in other organs except stem.(2)The different extracts all have antioxidant activity,the flowers extract shows the strongest and the stem extract shows the weakest.The antioxidant activity of the flowers extract is weaker with the time changing.

Abstract:Based on the International Tundra Experiment (ITEX) method,using temperature gradient,the correlation between major plants of functional groups and ground temperature was studied in Kobresia meadow from the individual level.The aim is to discuss the responding for growing characters of major species of different functional groups in Kobresia meadow to temperature increasing in warming background.The results showed that:(1)It was line correlation between the height of Carex alrofusca and ground temperature（P<0.01）,but they were quadratic correlation not significant between the number of tillers,leaves and ground temperature;(2)They were quadratic correlation between the number of tillers,leaves and the height of Kobresia humilis and ground temperature（P<0.05）.They were line correlation between the number of tillers,leaves and the height of Elymus nutans,Poa pratensis ground temperature（P<0.01）.(3)It was quadratic correlation not significant between the number of stolons of Lagotis brachystachya (Forbs functional group) and ground temperature,but they were line correlation between the number of leaves,the height of L.brachystachya and ground temperature;They were line correlation between the number of leaves,buds and the height of Ranunculus brotherusii and ground temperature（P<0.01）.It was declared that it was not accordance that species of different functional groups in response to ground temperature was difference.If ground temperature will continue increase in future,it will benefit to species of Gramineae functional group,but it will disadvantage for species of Cyperaceae functional group and Forbs functional group.

Abstract:We used a fixed monitoring sample method to conduct a systematic and comprehensive investigation to community natural recovery of Kmeria septentrionalis,analyse community species composition,species diversity and community structure in the process of 5-year succession for the plants K.septentrionalis.The results showed that:(1)The number of families,genera and species in the community decreased significantly,but individuals in a certain species were increased obviously.(2)Species diversities of trees and shrubs changed significantly,while herb layer fluctuation is not obvious.The community succession is still in an early restoration stage.The interspecies competition was strong.Some light demanding tree species in substrate are disappearing,yet neutral shade and tolerant species are keeping on adding,and community species diversities are become more complicated.(3)The species density,cover and important value of endangered K.septentrionalis increased dramatically.K.septentrionalis have strong adaptability to the natural environment,and the status of dominance in the community has been continuously strengthened.The community is developing in the direction of K.septentrionalis to be main constructive species.

Abstract:In this paper,we examined the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization,oil concentrations,soil enzyme activities,soil factors and glomalin content associated with 13 tree species grown in oil contaminated soil in Yanchang of Shaanxi Province to discuss the effect of AMF on restoration of oil-contaminated soil.The results showed that,among the 13 species of trees,all of them were colonized by AMF with colonization 63.2%,and spore density 1.93 per gram dry soil in average.The highest colonization 91.6% and spore density 4.73 per gram dry soil were observed in Caragana korshinskii.The soil nutrient status in the rhizosphere of Populus tomentosa,Sophora viciifolia and Robinia pseudoacacia were better than that of others.With the increase in oil concentration,the polyphenol oxidase activities,catalase activities and glomalin improved.Higher polyphenol oxidase activities,catalas activities and glomalin were found in the rhizosphere of R.pseudoacacia,S.viciifolia and Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa.Therefore,polyphenol oxidase activities,catalas activities and glomalin could be used as the sensitive indicators of oil contamination soils.

Abstract:The shrub community is the most important ecosystem components in Ulanbuh desert.The community structure and quantitative characteristics of shrub community was researched,which can provide the theory basis and the practice foundation for protecting biodiversity and sustainable utilization of plant resources in the area.According to the quadrat investigation material,the community structure and quantitative characteristics of typical shrub community was analyzed by the species composition,life form spectrum,coverage characteristics,species diversity and similarity of community.The results showed that:(1)The main community type was the community of Haloxylon ammodendron,Nitraria tangutorum,Ammopiptanthus mongolicus,Artemisia desertorum,Artemisia ordosica and Kalidium foliatum.The plants belong to 58 species,47 genera,and 12 families.Most of plants belong to chenopodiaceae,asteraceae,gramineae and leguminosae,which were the characteristic families in arid desert region.(2)The annual plant made the biggest percentage in the community of H.ammodendron,N.tangutorum,A.mongolicus and A.ordosica,which were widely distributed in Ulanbuh desert,so it showed the arid climate in study area.(3)The proportion of shrub plant coverage were more than 50%,so the contribution rate of shrub plant for community coverage was greater than herbs.(4)The communities which were distributed in the better habitat conditions had high biodiversity.The H′ diversity index varied between 0.98~3.42.The D diversity index varied between 0.415 5~0.879 5,the species composition of each shrub community was relatively simple.(5)The similitude coefficient of each community varied between 0.068 2~0.604 7,so each community’s similarity did not reached the level of very similar.There was mild similar among the three community,which were N.tangutorum,H.ammodendron and A.mongolicus,but the similitude coefficient between the other communities were less than 0.25.It showed there were great difference between community habitats.

Abstract:Based on field investigation and references,the floristic characteristics of seed plant in Huoditang were analyzed,and the relationship between the folra of Huoditang and 7 floras was also discussed.The results showed that:(1)there are 1 283 species belonging to 136 families and 547 genera in Huoditang.In those plants,the big families and big genera play important roles;(2)The geographical elements of the flora are comparatively complex,and the genera of temperate are the dominant areal types (335 genera，account for 61.2%);(3)The flora of Huoditang is very closed to Qingmuchuan,Tianhuoshan,Niubieliang and Laoxiancheng Nature Reserve,less close to Funiushan.It is far from Xiaolongshan and Ziwuling.The floristic variations with longitude in Qinling Mountains are that:the compositions of north temperate and temperate zone distribution increase with dropping of longitude,the compositions of tropics and subtropics zone distribution increase with rising of longitude.

Abstract:Thirty-two endophytic fungal strains were isolated from the roots,stems and leaves of wild Cymbidium goeringii by flat-panel separation.Agar block method was used to obtain the strain for antimicrobial activity screening.The results showed that four endophytic fungi (12.50% of the total strains isolated) had inhibitory activities to the test strains.We found a strong inhibitory activity of endophytic fungus.Morphological observation indicates that the strain belongs to Mycelia sterlia.

Abstract:Seven compounds were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Hydnellum sp.No.2 by silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography.With combine analysis of spectral data and literature,their structures were identified as ergosta 7,22-dien-3β-ol (1),ergosterol peroxide (2),(22E,24R)-3β-hydroxy-24-methylcholesta-5,22-dien-7-one (3),nipagin (4),(24R)-ergosta-7,22-diene-3β,5α,6β-triol (5),tuberoside (6),and cerebroside B (7).Compounds 4,5,6 and 7 were obtained from this genus for the first time.

Abstract:With orthogonal experiment design,a systematic research of tissue culture and efficient regeneration system of Betula luminifer was carried out.The appropriate medium for differentiation of stem explants was MS+0.50 mg·L^-1 6-BA+0.10 mg·L^-1 TDZ+30 g·L^-1 sugar+5.50 g·L^-1 agar,and the suitable rooting medium was 1/2MS+1 mg·L^-1 IBA+20 g·L^-1 sugar+5.50 g·L^-1 agar.The survival rate reached to 90%.These results could lay a good foundation for multipropagation and genetic transformation of B.luminifera.

Abstract:The effects of different antibiotics (kanamycin,hygromycin B and carbenidillin) on induction and differentiation of callus (Saussurea involucrata),was discussed in this study and S.involucrata leaves were used as explants.A doses strategy of selection and bacterium inhibition during agrobacter mediated genetic transformation was established.The result showed that the kanamycin of 40 mg/L was significantly influenced on callus growth,when it was 50 mg/L,the growth of callus was inhibited completely;the hygromycin of 8 mg/L was the best concentration for inhibiting the callus growth.The callus were geatly damaged and it’s characters were small,browning and dying with the concentration of hygromycin up to 20 mg/L.Meanwhile,the low concentration (0.5~2.0 mg/L) of hygromycin can enhance the rate of callus differentiation.Carbenidillin is an antibacterial agent of Agrobacterium and carbenidillin had apparently influnced on growth of callus at different concentrations.When the concentration of carbenidillin was greater than 400 mg/L,the growth of callus was effected observably.This paper may provided a theoretical for S.involucrata genetic transformation system.

Abstract:Cynanchum forrestii Schltr.var.conduplicatum J.Wang & F.Du is described and illustrated from dry valley in the upper reaches of Jinshajiang River,Yunnan and Sichuan,China.It differs from var.forrestii in its leaf blade usually folded,ovate-lanceolate to rarely ovate,apex acuminate,corolla and corona blood-slained,2 larger and 2(~4) minor glands between each two sepals,pollinarium subglobular.

Abstract:Chelonopsis giraldii Diels is reported for the first time from Central China (Hubei Province).Earlier the species was known from west China (Shaanxi and Gansu Province).It is also the first report for the genus Chelonopsis Miquel from this region.The discovery might provide new evidences to illuminate the history of the geographical distribution and the genome evolution.The illustrations of the species are provided.

Abstract:The plant species diversity has been investigated systematically in the Taitong-Kongtong Mountain National Nature Reserve.The results show that two newly recorded species are found in Gansu Province for the first time,which are Oxytropis myriophylla (Pall.) DC.and Cirsium maackii Maxim..

Abstract:Proanthocyanidins are oligomers or polymers of flavan-3-ol units synthesized through plant flavonoid biosynthetic pathway,and have a variety of functions such as ultraviolet resistance,anti-microbial pathogens,anti-insect pests,scavenging free radicals,regulating plant seed dormancy and germination,etc.Here we concisely review the structures and types of proanthocyanidins and their biosynthesis,and intensively summarize recent main progress achieved in the understanding of the late steps of proanthocyanidin biosynthetic pathway,which includes these hypotheses that the polymerization of proanthocyanidin occurs in the vacuole of plant cells;precursors of extension units are leucoanthocyanidins,flanvan-3-ols or anthocyanidins,and related condensing enzymes are plant polyphenol oxidases,plant laccases or plant peroxidases involved in the polymerization reaction.The review provides certain new insights about proanthocyanidin biosynthesis.

Abstract:Brachypodium distachyon has relative small plant size,and short life cycle and is easy to cultivate.Additionally,it has other advantages such as self fertilization,high grain yield and efficient transformation system.Especially,it has the smallest genomes of reported grasses and is close relative of wheat in phylogenetic tree.Because of these advantages or characteristics,B.distachyon is one desirable model system for research work.In recent years,many important advances were made in cytogenetic,genomics,comparative genomics,functional genomics,plant-pathogen interactions and other fields.These advances include the completion of the whole genome sequencing,the improved and optimized transformation system and the construction of the T-DNA insertion mutant library,etc.This review mainly summarized the latest progresses in this field and made a prospect to the future.

Abstract:Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a complicated developmental process and a unique model system to investigate the physiological,biochemical,and molecular biological events occurring during plant embryo development.Stresses are very important factors that have been increasingly recognized in the induction of SE.Plant growth regulators such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D),ABA and so on are known as stress-related substances for acquisition of embryogenic competence by plant cells.Some stress-related genes and proteins associated with SE have been identified and researched from both the proteome and transcriptome levels.This review focuses on stress-related genes and proteins in the induction of SE.