Abstract:Primers were designed according to the CBF transcription factors of Peach (Prunus persica),Sweet cherry (Prunus avium) et al from GenBank.Fragments of CBF gene were isolated from Prunus mume by PCR and RTPCR.The CBF gene was 821 bp long,encoding a putative protein of 238 amino acids;The amino acids sequence owns the characteristics of the CBF protein,which contains an AP2/EREB DNAbinding domain and two special short amino acids sequences;Similarity analysis showed that the nucleotide were highly similarity to that of P.avium,P.tenella et al.Relative realtime PCR experiment showed the expression of PmCBF1 was coincidence with the expression characteristics of the CBF gene after exposed to 4℃.The expression of PmCBF1 increased at beginning and achieved the highest after 8 hour,indicating PmCBF1 was induced under low temperature stress.

Abstract:The chalcone synthase gene (CHS) was cloned from Lilium oriental hybrid ‘Siberia’ by PCR method.Sense and antisense CHS were constructed into plant expression vectors pCAMBIA1304,and then transformed into tobacco by agrobacterium mediated approach.18 plants of sense CHS transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana and 21 plants of antisense CHS transgenic Nicotiana tabacum were obtained and the total transform ratio was 26.0%.High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) suggested that CHS expression accumulation amplified by 14.0%~59.7% in N.benthamiana transformed with sense gene,and the accumulation declined by 44.5%~76.4% in N.tabacum transformed with antisence gene compared to the wild type.The petals of the transgenic N.benthamiana had no color changes,but the petal color in some of the transgenic N.tabacum plants was faded.The results indicated that the transformation of CHS gene was an effective method to flower color regulation.

Abstract:In order to increase rice resistance to blast with more exogenous genes,Sophora flavescens lectin (SFL) encoding lectin which can prohibit the growth of the blast fungus in vitro was introduced into rice cultivar ‘Yunzijing41’ by Agrobacteriummediated transformation method.A lot of transgenic plants were selected by chlorophenolred (CPR) assay and confirmed by PCR.Compared with nontransgenic rice,the transgenic plants showed high resistance to Piricularia oryzae Cav.SFL has broadspectrum antimicrobial activity,so the transgenic rice may has good resistance to variety of pathogenic bacteria.This experiment was laid the foundation for researching on breeding of blast resistance in rice varieties and broaden the diseaseresistant genetic and increase rice blast resistance gene in future.

Abstract:A doubled haploid (DH) population with 150 lines,derived from a cross between two Chinese common wheat varieties ‘Hanxuan 10’ and ‘Lumai 14’ was used as the plant material to mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) for seedling heat tolerance.The seedling traits,including root dry weight,shoot dry weight,seedling biomass,chlorophyll content,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and their heat tolerance index (HTI) were measured under heat stress and normal temperature condition,respectively.The QTLs and QTL×environment interactions for these traits were detected using mixedmodelbased composite interval mapping method.The results showed that the female parent ‘Hanxuan 10’ was more tolerant to heat than the male parent ‘Lumai 14’ at seedling stage,and the DHLs exhibited transgressive segregations.The most QTLs for seedling traits located on chromosomes 2D,6B,3A,4A,5A and 7A,and that for HTIs located on 6A,6B,3A,2D,5A and 7A.The distribution of QTLs for seedling traits and their HTIs on chromosomes exhibit a trend of regionalization.The average phenotypic variance explained by single additive QTL and single epistatic QTL were 2.48% and 2.65%,and that for HTIs were 8.84% and 1.98%,respectively.A total of 13 additive and 28 pairs of epistatic QTL related to seedling traits or their HTI were located on all chromosomes except 4D and 6D under two temperature conditions.The genetic effect of the QTLs for seedling traits mainly was epistatic effect and for HTIs mainly additive effect.

Abstract:ISSR molecular markers with ninteen primers were used to analyze the genetic variation between 1 diploids and their 10 homological tetraploids of Isatis indigotica Fort..The results showed that genetic variation was distinct difference between diploids and their homological tetraploids of Isatis varied with different genotypes.In addition to the main genetic loci were same,some tetraploids amplified extra bands and some tetraploids with missing bands.There were polymorphic loci between the homological tetraploids.11 strains were detected 111 alleles,its homological tetraploid was 55.22%.The clustering results show that genetic variation is different between diploids and tetraploids.The genetic variation with medium is on the high side between diploids and tetraploids by ISSR.

Abstract:In order to identify the hybrid purity of castor bean in early seedling stage or before sowing,castor bean hybrid verification and genetic diversity of F₁ seeds derived from CSR24×CSR181 hybridization were performed by SSR markers.It was showed that the results by different loci were basically consistent,and the hybrid rates estimated by most loci were from 13.46% to 17.27%,only which evaluated by RCM207 and RC129 were less than 10%.The variation was occurred on some loci of several individuals,4 progenies had nonparent markers and generated two new bands in primer RC242;the paternal special bands were absent and a new band was appeared in some progenies in primer Rco23,Rco26,Rco29,RC129,RCM613 and RCM999.The genetic diversity and cluster analysis of SSR data indicated that the distinct differentiation existed in F₁ progenies,the genetic variation was obvious,and genetic similarity coefficient between parents and progenies was 0.45~1.0.It was provided a method for early verification of true hybrids and offered the theoretical reference for genetic analysis of offsprings.

Abstract:In this experiment,a molecular marker sequencerelated amplified polymorphism (SRAP) was applied to determine the diversity and relationships among 29 banana (Musa spp.) cultivars.The results showed that 25 out of 64 primer combinations turned out to be polymorphic and 324 polymorphism bands were obtained.The genetic relationships were analyzed using unweighted pairgroup method of arithmetic average cluster analysis (UPGMA),and the genetic similarity coefficients were calculated among the 29 banana cultivars.The genetic relationship among cultivars was correlated to the origin region of cultivars,and all 29 cultivars could be clustered into two major clusters closely corresponded with the genome composition.The result was consistent with the morphology,agronomic trait classification.All results indicated that the amplification of SRAP markers is an efficient method for estimating genetic similarity among banana cultivars and providing a scientific basis for banana genetic and breeding research.

Abstract:Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular technique was used to analyze the genetic diversity of 84 Stemona sessilifolia individuals from 4 natural populations.The 15 selected ISSR primers generated a total of 184 fragments,153 of which were polymorphic.Based on results of ISSR analysis,high levels of genetic variation were revealed both at the species level and population level,percentage of polymorphic fragments PPF=83.15%,effective number of alleles (Ae) 1.425,Shannon information index (I) 0.388,and Nei’s gene diversity index (Hpop) 0.254.At population level,PPF=63.04%,Ae=1.351,I=0.310,Hpop=0.206.Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) demonstrated that 87.37% of genetic diversity was found within populations.The genetic differentiation coefficient (G_ST) among populations was 0.191 1.High level of gene flow was found among populations (N_m=2.116 6).The UPGMA cluster analysis and principal components analysis (PCA) revealed that 4 populations formed 2 distinct groups,and taishan population was clearly separated from other populations.However,with S.tubenrosa and S.japonica used as outgroup,the UPGMA cluster analysis supported that S.shandongensis should be treated as a synonym of S.sessilifolia.The Mantel test revealed that an insignificant positive correlation (r=0.625 8，P=0.074) existed between genetic distance and geographical distance.

Abstract:Our experiment was conducted to investigate phenotypic variation of Rhododendron purdomii in 7 natural populations and to discuss the relationship between phenotypic variation of the natural population and different distribution areas.We investigated 10 quantitative traits and 8 qualitative traits in 7 natural populations of R.purdomii from Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province of China and used multicomparison,correlation analysis and cluster analysis to analyze results.Analysis showed that:(1)The flower color and spots in petal were significantly different in and among populations,while the other traits were significantly different only among populations,and similar in populations for qualitative traits.In 10 quantitative traits,differences of the mean of every quantitative trait were all significantly different in and among populations.The coefficient of variation of quantitative traits was from 0 to 55.3% in populations.Among these,pedicels length,filament length,petal width and petiole length varied more,and the number of flower varied less.(2)The correlation analysis between the phenotypic traits of R.purdomii and geography factor showed that the correlation between them were not significant except that length and width of petal were significantly negative affected by latitude,while length and width of leaf and aspect ratio were significantly negative affected by elevation.(3)Cluster analysis showed that seven natural populations of R.purdomii could be divided into 2 groups by SPSS cluster analysis.Explaining the phenotypic traits did not gather according to geography distance.In summary,the phenotypic characteristics of R.purdomii had rich variation in and among populations.And they were relevant to population characteristics and habitat.These provided references to further study the population ecosystem,conservation and utilization of R.purdomii.

Abstract:In this study,the karyotypes of six wild strawberry species were studied by traditional squash technique.The results showed that the karyotype formula of these six wild strawberries were as follows:Fragaria pentaphylla was 2n=2x=14=12m+2sm,F.nilgerrensis was 2n=2x=14=8m+6sm,F.viridis was 2n=2x=14=10m+2sm+2st,F.mandschurica was 2n=2x=14=8m+6sm,F.vesca was 2n=2x=14=6m+8sm,F.moupinensis was 2n=4x=28=16m+12sm;The karyotypes of all the six species were the type of 2A.The evolution order of these six species was probably F.pentaphylla,F.viridis,F.mandschurica,F.nilgerrensis,F.moupinensis and F.vesca.

Abstract:In order to investigate the catholicness of microtubule cycle in higher plants,changes of microtubule orientation in cell division cycle of Sagittaria sagittifolia L.,root tips were detected by the inverted fluorescence microscope and laser scanning confocal microscope,through the techniques of enzymatic digestion and separation of root tip cells after fixation,coomassie brilliant blue staining and indirect immunofluorescence microscopy.The results have shown that a large number of cells without cell walls and their aggregates of S.sagittifolia L.root tips can be gained by enzymatic digestion and separation.Abundant protein and nuclear chromosomes at different mitotic stage can be observed by coomassie brilliant blue staining.Under the observation of immunofluorescence microscopy,there are four basic types of microtubule organization,namely,interphase cortical microtubule,preprophase band microtubule,spindle microtubule and phragmoplast microtubule,which constitute the typical microtubule cycle in dividing cells of higher aquatic plants.The changing similarity between the microtubule cycles of higher aquatic and terrestrial plants has provided a new instance for the notion of plant microtubule cycles.

Abstract:The genesis and differentiation into meristematic nodule of thin cell layer of (TCLs) petiole callus in modern tree peony ‘Golden era’ were studied.The results showed that there were four stages in the course of callus development,namely activation,division,formation and histodifferentiation.During activation,fascicular cambium cells were most notable,showing brown externally and bigger cells,clear and nearcenter nucleus internally.Meanwhile the starch metabolic enhanced.Cells kept division during the second stage division and led to the formation of callus in cambial area firstly and then in the region of cortex parenchyma cells.These callus tissues formed a compact cell cluster and the callus cells were characterized by dense cytoplasm,nucleus in center,small in volume and starch grains accumulated around the nucleus.However,callus proliferated at a slower rate during formation stage,only the peripheral callus cells which facing the medium kept division.At the last stage histodifferentiation,callus tissues differentiated into neoformed tracheary elements.Some of these tracheids organized as vascular centers and some specialized parenchyma cells could also act as centers.And then these centers were surrounded by loosely arranged,plastiddense cell layers.This way,meristematic nodule formed which was thought to be potential in mass production.The result here can be used as a basis for further improvement of organ regeneration system for largescale multiplication of tree peony.

Abstract:The leaf anatomical structure of Limonium aureum was studied by SEM and paraffin method,especially for observing the salt gland location,structure and development.The result indicated that a lot of salt glands was lay in the leaf.The density of salt glands on the abaxial epidermis was slightly higher than that on the adaxialepidermis.And 7～9 epidermal cells radially arranged surrounding thesalt gland.The mature structure of salt gland included 12 cells.There were 4 central secretory cells,and a small hole on the center of saltgland cuticle,where salt released.Outside the secretory cell were the adjacent cells,which were cambered.Behind them were 4 big cells called collecting cell which was close tomesophyll cells.The salt gland of Limonium aureum originaled from a single epidermal cell.After that,it went through 5 stages which were called as single cell stage,2 cell stage,4 cell stage,8 cell stage and 12 cell stage,respectively.

Abstract:In this test,pollen morphology of sixteen species of the genus Pimpinella from China was investigated by light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Of all species that involved,the pollen morphology of twelve species was documented for the first time.The result shows that the grains fall in the medium range of the size classification with the size of (19.75~33.03) μm×(11.52~17.41) μm,and P/E value of 1.40~2.28 while the grain size index P×E falling in the range of 16.71~23.97.These grains are all tricolporate,having pleurotreme,with mainly subrectangular or equatorially constricted shape in the equatorial view and triangular or triangularrounded shape in the polar view.Under the SEM,cerebroidtype grain sculpture is shown in the equatorial view and smooth or pittedtype sculpture in the polar view.It reveals that Pimpinella species have moderately or more derived pollen morphological features in the family Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae.Furthermore,pollen morphology can provide evidences for the taxonomic treatment for several Pimpinella species.

Abstract:Nitric oxide (NO) involves in plant response to various stresses.In the present study,maize seedlings were treated with cadmium alone or in combination with sodium nitroprusside (SNP,a NO donor),SNP plus 2(4carboxy2phenyl)4,4,5,5 tetramethylimidazoline1oxyl3oxide (cPTIO,a NO scavenger) or K₃Fe(CN)₆ (an analog of SNP).After 24 h,some parameters correlating with stresses were investigated to analyze the effect of NO on cadmium tolerance.We found that supplementation of Cd with SNP exhibited significantly greater root elongation and lower Cd accumulation in root tips as compared with Cd treatment alone.Meanwhile,Cdinduced oxidative damage including electrolyte leakage,superoxide radical (O^-·₂) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was alleviated by SNP supply.In addition,Cdtriggered increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD),catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities were also decreased by SNP addition.Although Cd stress had no effect on glutathione reductase (GR) activity,supplementing with SNP increased GR activity as compared with Cd treatment alone.The ameliorating effects of NO were specific,because K₃Fe(CN)₆ which did not release NO,did not show the effects of SNP.The effects of SNP were reversed by simultaneous application of cPTIO.All together,these results suggested that NO ameliorates Cd toxicity by decreasing endogenous Cd accumulation and Cdinduced oxidative damage.

Abstract:In this study,with nonheading Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp.chinensis Makino.) variety ‘Gaogengbai’ as material,seed vigor indexes and correlation of different aging degrees were studied during artificial aging treatment at 42℃ and RH 100%.The results as followed:(1)The seed germination indexes (except abnormal seedling rate) and emergence indexes significantly decreased with the increase of aging degree and abnormal seedling increased significantly.(2)With the increase of aging degree,the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD),peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) decreased significantly;The speed of O^-·₂ production firstly went up and then slowed down.The hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content kept increasing,the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased and the relative electrolyte leakage increased;Soluble sugar content,soluble protein content and dehydrogenase activity kept decreasing and αamylase activity firstly went up and then down.(3)The germination energy,germination rate,SOD activity,H₂O₂ content,the relative electric conductivity and soluble sugar content of aging seed had very significant correlation with emergence indexes.Comprehensive analysis showed that the changes of germination energy,germination rate,SOD activity,H₂O₂ content,the relative electric conductivity and soluble sugar content were consistent with aging degree deepen,and they showed very significant correlation with emergence indexes.Therefore,they can serve as candidate indicators for nonheading Chinese cabbage seed vigor test.

Abstract:Using the seeds of ‘Dongsheng’ cabbage as material,we investigated seed germination characteristics,changes in relative electric conductivity,MDA content,soluble protein and soluble sugar contents and antioxidant related indexes during artificial aging at 40℃ and RH 100%.The results showed(1):The seed moisture content and abnormal seedling rate after germination increased considerably with the increase of aging time,but the seed germination rate,germination potential,germination index and vigor index decreased;(2)The relative electrolyte leakage and soluble sugar content increased and soluble protein content decreased;The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) firstly went up and then went down;(3)With the increase of the aging time,SOD,POD and CAT activities decreased significantly.The ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities increased considerably after 2 d aging,and decreased after 6 d aging.In conclusion,during artificial aging treatment,the seed vitality and the germination rate decreased significantly,and the relative electrolyte leakage，soluble protein content and soluble sugar content is positively correlative with seed vigor index.The increased peroxidation of membrance lipids may also be the main mechanism for deterioration of ‘Dongsheng’ cabbage seeds during artificial aging.

Abstract:An experiment was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect on postharvest physiology and enzyme activities of Agaricus bisporus of ‘W2000’,with ClO₂ treatment in lowtemperature storage.This study produced the following results:with ClO₂ treatment and storing at 0℃,respiration rate drops obviously,and the arrival of respiratory climacteric has been postponed,decreased 29.2% and delayed 5 d;Enzyme activities of PPO and POD were significantly suppressed in ClO₂treated mushrooms,and restrained the accumulation of phenolic oxidation products,as well as slowing the browning rate of fruiting body.Stored 20 d,total phenolic content was only 0.81 μmol/mg.Besides,impregnating with ClO₂ could slow the decreasing speed of hardness of fruiting body,helps soluble solids content to be well maintained,while retarding the cap opening.ClO₂ treatment could effectively extend the storage period,maintain the high quality.Therefore,the commercial value of mushrooms has been greatly improved.In conclusion,the handling of dipping mushrooms in 120 mg·L^-1 ClO₂ solution and stored at 0℃ is very useful in keeping A.bisporus of ‘W2000’ fresh.

Abstract:In order to understand the effects and mechanism of the drought resistance of uniconazole on Zinnia seedlings growth,the photosynthetic characteristics and leaf anatomical structure were studied of Zinnia,‘Fangfei 1’ using uniconazole under water stress.The results showed that:(1)Under water stress,the growth of Zinnia was inhibited at different degrees,chlorophyll content was decreased significantly,photosynthesis was inhibited,some changes were occurred in leaf structure.(2)Under different water stress,uniconazole could reduce the plant height,increase the stem diameter,leaf area,leaf thickness.Palisade tissue thickness,rootshoot ratio and chlorophyll content increased significantly.The net photosynthetic rate(P_n),transpiration rate(T_r),and stomatal conductance(G_s) and water use efficiency (WUE) were improved.The results suggested that uniconazole could strengthen the drought resistance of Zinnia seedling,the decline of P_n was considered as a result of stomatal restriction under light and moderate water stress,but nonstomatal restriction under severe water stress.

Abstract:The study site was located on the eastern fringe of the Tibetan Plateau where climate warming and enhanced UVB radiation (UVB) were severe.Seed germination,seedlings growth and photosynthetic pigments content of Picea asperata seedlings in the eastern fringe of the Tibetan Plateau were measured to investigate the responses of P.asperata seedlings to climate warming and enhanced UVB using Opentop Chambers (OTCs) and UVlamps.The results showed that:(1)Enhanced UVB radiation did not significantly affect seed germination.However,it significantly inhibited seedling growth,decreased chlorophyll contents,and caused a high seedling mortality of P.asperata （P<0.05）.(2)Warming markedly stimulated seed germination,facilitated seedling growth and increased chlorophyll content in needles of P.asperata (P<0.05).(3)Warming alleviated the harmful effects of enhanced UVB radiation on seedling growth and chlorophyll content,and decreased the high mortality induced by enhanced UVB.It could be reasoned that climate warming would alleviate the harmful effect of enhanced UVB on early regeneration of spruce forest.

Abstract:Oneyear old Dianthus plumarius introduced in Shanghai was used as materials to study growth dynamic of seedling height,accumulation and allocation of biomass,and photosynthetic characteristics.Also,this paper analyzed the relationship between net photosynthetic rate (P_n) and physioecological factors.The results were as follows:(1)Prosperous phase of growth of seedling height was from March to June,and increment for this period accounted for 65.93%.In general,biomass of each organ of seedling increased gradually,D.plumarius seedlings allocated more biomass to the aboveground parts during March to June,and the biomass ratio of aboveground parts to the whole plant increased from 46.89% to 65.60%.After June,the biomass ratio of aboveground parts to the whole plant increased from 34.40% to 53.11%.(2)The diurnal variation of P_n had a single curve in spring and autumn and the doublepeak curve in summer which had obvious midday photosynthetic depression.(3) The main physioecological factors affecting the characteristics of P_n of D.plumarius were transpiration rate and temperature in spring,stomatal conductance and atmospheric CO₂ concentration in summer;and intercellular CO₂ concentration and photosynthetic active radiation in autumn;The main limiting factors were intercellular CO₂ concentration and photosynthetic active radiation in spring,transpiration rate and relative humidity in summer;and stomatal conductance and temperature in autumn.(4)The light compensation point of D.plumarius was about 56.94 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 and the light saturation point was around 780.07 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,so D.plumarius is a heliophyte.

Abstract:In the typical arid and semiarid region of Xinjiang,we screened maize drought resistance identification of effective evaluation index by analyzing response characteristics and principal component of 14 traits.We used the method of drought resistance coefficient and drought resistance index to clustering analysis,to comprehensive evaluate drought resistance of 47 inbred lines by their combination.The results showed as the following:(1)Under water stress,plant height,ear height,chlorophyll content decreased,ear became shorter and smaller,bare top became longer,kernels number and ear rows became less,1000kernels weight and ear grain weight was reduced,which leaded to yield decline.(2)The droughtresistant ability was greatly related with the characters expression under water stress,such as ear grain weight,ear diameter,kernels number,1000kernels weight,plant height,ear height,ear length,bare top,ear rows,chlorophyll content etc.The higher drought resistance of inbred lines was Ye52106 and Ying 64 and 478.The second was Mo17Ht,Mo17,Dan 340,Zheng 58,X178,C103 etc.In breeding practice,ear grain weight,ear diameter,kernels number,1000 kernels weight,plant height,ear height,ear length,bare top,ear rows,chlorophyll content can be considered as an effective index for screening of drought resistance identification on field.It combined with drought resistance coefficient and drought resistance index to make comprehensive evaluation of inbred lines.

Abstract:In order to ascertain the allelopathy activity of cucumber seeds during germination,we studied the allelopathy effects of cucumber seeds aqueous extract,cucumber seed germination,cucumber radicle exudates,cucumber bud exudates,decomposed cucumber seedlings and seedling aqueous extract by adopting laboratory petri dish seed germination bioassay,using 4 categories of vegetables as receptors.The results indicated that:(1)The cucumber seed aqueous extract had an inhibitory effect on germination of Chinese cabbage,radish,tomato and cucumber seeds which showed the cucumber seed contained a few allelochemicals.(2)After extracted seed interior allelochemicals,the cucumber seed germination had allelopathy inhibitory effect on interplanted Chinese cabbage,radish and tomato seeds germination,and the cucumber radicle and bud exudates had different extent allelopathy inhibitory effect on after cultured Chinese cabbage,radish,tomato and cucumber seeds germination.The germination and growth of all vegetable receptors were inhibited to different extent with the different weight decomposed cucumber seedlings and different concentration seedling aqueous extract.It showed the concentration effect which was germination indexes,response index (RI) and synthesis effect (SE) value of vegetable receptors could decrease along with increasing of the weight of decomposed cucumber seedlings and the concentration of seedling aqueous extract.(3)The experiment of cucumber as receptor showed the allelochemicals of cucumber seeds aqueous extract and cucumber seedling organs had the autotoxicity on cucumber seed germination and growth,in which the autotoxicity of decomposed cucumber seedlings,seedling aqueous extract,cucumber radicle exudates and cucumber bud exudates were maximum.The studies suggested that allelochemicals of cucumber seeds aqueous extract,germination periods and seedling organs main inhibited the radicle growth,i.e.the radicle of vegetable receptors was most sensitive to allelopathy.Because release allelochemicals ways were different during cucumber seed germination,and the allelopathy response of Chinese cabbage,radish,tomato and cucumber were different.This experiment indicated during the early of cucumber germination and seedling growth,the allelochemicals began to compose and accumulate which released to environment by the radicle and the seedling and by seedling decomposition,then inhibited the germination and growth of receptor vegetable seeds.

Abstract:Sinosenecio jishouensis D.G.Zhang,Y.Liu & Q.E.Yang is a new species which is only distributed in Dehang canyon at Wuling mountain areas of northwestern Hunan.According to IUCN Red Species List S.jishouensis ranked as the Critically Endangered Species (CR) for its extremely small and rare populations.The content of main nutritional components in surface soil (0～30 cm) of natural habitat of three plots of S.jishouensis was analyzed and its population distribution pattern was determined by using checkerboard frame method.The results showed that:(1)S.jishouensis were always found in habitat of waterfall and the Streamravine with an altitude from 300 m to 370 m,and its communities were always grasses,bushes and secondary bushes.To measure the environment factors in the habitats,we found that water content of soil get to 34.28%,the pH values varied from 8.51 to 8.60,organic matter changed from 107 500 mg·kg^-1 to 143 300 mg·kg^-1,and total nitrogen contents with a variable from 2 800 mg·kg^-1 to 3 500 mg·kg^-1.Compared with the environment factors in plots of S.jishouensis and the control plots showed that,the contents of organic matter,total nitrogen,and total potassium are obviously high (P＜0.05),and the contents of copper is significantly below the control ones (P＜0.05),while the contents of iron,phosphorus,manganese,chromium,lead and zinc in soil were not different from controls.(2)Low contents of water,organic matter,total nitrogen and high content of copper soil are probably the important environment factors to limit development of S.jishouensis population.(3)The distribution patterns of the only three natural S.jishouensis populations are clumped,and the intensity of clustering is different among different populations.The variance/mean ratios of these populations were 6.68,14.39 and 11.53,respectively,t test show remarkably difference.(4)The highest congregation areas are 64 m² and 8 m²,respectively,at the Liusha population and Hangxia population,but the patch at Leigongdong population can not be demonstrate.Reproductive system,seeds with finite dispersal,and heterogeneity of its habitat conditions,are the major impact factors for the distribution patterns of S.jishouensis.

Abstract:Based on data from 34 plots of the middle part of Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province,the ecological gradients of the plant communities were studied by the methods of TWINSPAN and DCCA,in terms of the interactions between plant species and communities and topographical factors.The results indicate that:(1)34 plots record 297 species vascular plants,belong to 77 families 178 genera.Among those,72 families Angiospermae plants,2 families Gymnospermae plants,and 3 families Pteridphyta plants.The wide distribution species include Pinaceae,Fagaceae,Rosaceae,Compositae,Gramineae,and Liliaceae.(2)Based on TWINSPAN,34 plots were classified into 13 associations,and the number of associations which dominant species are Pinus tabulaeformis+Quercus aliena var.accuteserrata,possessed about 40% of the total number,is the widely distributed mixed type of the study area.(3) The first of DCCA ordination axes indicates the altitude and slope position gradients,and the second of that indicates the aspect and slope gradients.The correlation coefficients of elevation,slope and DCCA one and two axis arrived the most values,respectively (-0.946 2,-0.795 7).The main factors restricting distribution of the communities are altitude and slope in this area.(4)The DCCA ordination of dominant species and samples simultaneously reflect the topography gradients of pine and oak mixed forest communities in this area.

Abstract:Oil content of whole fruit were determined using fruit of Idesia polycarpa Maxim.from thirteen populations,and oil contents of pulp and seeds were determined using the fruit from five population.The results were as follows:(1)There were significant differences in oil contents of whole fruit among thirteen populations,and the oil contents of fruit from populations in Sichuan Province were obvious greater than those from other populations,in addition.There were also significant differences in oil contents of fruit in each population,and degree of extreme variation were large.(2)Oil contents of pulp from the five populations were greater than those of seeds,while coefficient of variation and relative range of pulp were less than seeds.(3)Clustering analysis indicated that oil contents of fruit from seven populations included chaotian et al.were greater than that of others,and coefficient of variation of them were less than that of others.These populations were clustered to a class and could be as materials for further breeding.Geographical factors such as elevation and so on had different levels of effects on oil contents of fruit.(4)Refractive index of fruit oil from five populations were higher,while acid value were lower,which indicated that oil of I.polycarpa had excellent quality and high purity.There were significant differences in Iodine value of I.polycarpa oil from different populations,which reflected the obvious difference of degree of unsaturation of oil.

Abstract:Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst hairy roots induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes as test materials,the culture systems of A.euchroma hairy roots were established by twostage liquid method at the first time.The results showed that it was beneficial to the growth of the hairy roots under the conditions which hairy roots inoculated with SH(no NH₄⁺) liquid medium and pH 5.8.Trained 12 days,hairy roots proliferation has increased as the highest multiples by an average of 10.26 times；Hairy roots growth cycle was 25 to 30 days;The results suggested that the total shikonin and its derivatives contents in 4 models of macroporous adsorption resin were all higher than that in CK；For NKA9,the sadsorption shikonin and its derivatives contents was 2.38% as the most one that increased by 0.97 times than CK.The results indicated that adding NKA9 resin after cultured 10 days,the average shikonin and its derivatives was 3.64% that increased by 3.08 times than CK.The conclusion of the experiment is that the liquid cultured can make A.euchroma hairy roots have the qualities of rapid growth rates by the growing stage,and adding macroporous adsorption resin can increase the content of shikonin and its derivatives by theproducing stage.

Abstract:Autotetraploid plants of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni were induced by immersing buds with different concentrations of colchicines solution,then autotetraploid plants were confirmed based on morphological characters,stomatal analysis,chromosome determination and flow cytometry analysis.The results of this study showed that buds immersed in 0.20% colchicine solution for 12 h prior to culture induced as high as 32.14% autotetraploid plants.The stomatal size of autotetraploid plants was larger than that in diploid plants;Autotetraploid plants possessed larger,thicker and deeper green leaves,and distorted appearances in comparison with diploid plants;The chromosome numbers of diploid cells was 2n=2x=22,antotetraploid cells was 2n=4x=44;The relative DNA content of diploid was 100,antotetraploid was 200 by flow cytometry analysis to determine their ploidy.A total of 48 lines of autotetraploid plantlets were successfully induced by colchicine.This technique for in vitro induction of autotetraploid Stevia could provid technical basis for the induction of ploidy plants,and provid experimental material for the further research of new varieties of autotetraploid breeding programs.

Abstract:Slow growth conservation of Pinellia ternata on medium by adding different concentrations of mannitol,PP₃₃₃,and ABA were carried out.Somatic variation of regenerated plantlets was also studied.The results show that:the three of them all could effectively retard the growth with a high surviving rate.The optimum concentration of mannitol,PP₃₃₃ and ABA were 2%~4%,2.0 mg·L^-1 and 2.0~4.0 mg·L^-1,respectively.No variations were found in the regenerated plantlets which were conserved on medium by adding mannitol 2% or PP₃₃₃ 2.0 mg·L^-1.While,one new marker and one absent marker were found on medium by adding ABA 2.0 mg·L^-1.The locus variation rate was 1.7% and the individual variation rate was 30%.Therefore,ABA was not suggested in slow growth conservation of Pinellia.However,it contributed to the generation of new mutant,and has a special significance in the innovation of P.ternate germplasm.

Abstract:Cyananthus lobatus Wall.ex Benth.f.albiflorus J.Luo et S.L.Wang,a new form of Campanulaceae in Tibet of China is described.It differs from the typical form,C.lobatus Wall.ex Benth.,by having white petals,which is quite stable.And the new form randomly occurs in populations of the typical form.

Abstract:Clarifying the variable law and regulating mechanisms of hormones level in rice seed can provide pivotal messages for crop breeding and agricultural production.We mainly summarized the variation trends of hormones (IAA,GA₁₊₄,Z,ZR,iPA,ABA,ETH) contents in grains under different conditions,and their physiological controlling effects on rice grain yield and quality.Furthermore,future research focus in the field was discussed.

Abstract:Double fertilization is a unique characteristic trait of flowering plants.Sperm cells have lost mobility and are transported from the stigma to the female gametophyte via the pollen tube to achieve double fertilization.Pollen tube growth and guidance is largely governed by the maternal sporophytic tissues of the stigma,style and ovule.However,the last phase of the pollen tube path is under female gametophytic control.Many genes involved in different stages of pollen tube guidance have been isolated.In this paper,mechanisms of cellular development,genes and chemical compounds involved in the process of sporophytic control and gametophytic control of pollen tube growth and guidance were reviewed.Differences of pollen tube growth and guidance between Poaceae and Brassicaceae plants were also compared.