Abstract:In this study,differential display technique was used to compare the gene expression difference between Arabidopsis wild type and the crk45 mutant with the T-DNA inserted in the CRK45 gene under ABA treatment.The results showed that:(1)One gene showed 4fold higher expression in the mutant than that in the wild type.(2)Searches in the NCBI database revealed that this gene encoding a Ca²⁺ binding protein composed by 130 amino acid and with the typical EF hand,so it was dubbed as CICBP (CRK45 inhibited Ca²⁺ binding protein).(3)Northern blotting analysis further confirmed that CICBP was indeed significantly induced by ABA treatment in the crk45 mutant,and its expression was inhibited by CRK45.(4)After treated by 75 mmol/L exogenerous Ca²⁺,the germination rate of the crk45 mutant is 30.8%,which is obviously higher than that of the wild type (17.16%),indicating that CRK45 plays a role in seed germination inhibition under Ca²⁺ treatment.(5) qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of CRK45 was induced highly by Ca²⁺ in wild type,but keeping very low level in the mutant,indicated that the gene was completely knocked out.In addition,the transcript of CICBP gene was also upregulated in the crk45 mutant after Ca²⁺ treatment compared with wild type.These results indicated that CRK45 inhibited germination of Arabidopsis seeds by downregulating CICBP after ABA and Ca²⁺ treatment.

Abstract:In this study,a member of ABC transporter gene named GmABC,was isolated from Fuyang soybean ( Fuyang Glycine max NO.11) using RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) method.The full length of cDNA was 4 693 bp with a 4 341 bp open reading frame (ORF) which encoded a peptide of 1 447 amino acids and containing the highly conserved ATP binding site modules,and the predicted protein molecular mass was 162.5 kD.The protein sequence alignment showed that this gene encoded a protein belonging to the PDR (pleiotropic drug resistance) family of ABC proteins.The phylogenetic analysis showed that GmABC has the highest similarity with PDR from Medicago truncatula,which shared 84% homology with Medicago truncatula in the amino acid sequence.Expression analysis indicated that GmABC gene was induced by Cd²⁺,expression level of GmABC gene was the highest at Cd²⁺ concentration of 100 mg·L^-1.The results suggested that GmABC may play an important role in Cd stress resistance of Fuyang soybean.

Abstract:The various tendency of two target genes’ expression in several male sterility wheats was measured to determine whether these genes related to these types of wheat male sterile lines’ fertility,and to analyze the key period of abortion in these several male sterility wheats.The total RNA was extracted at various periods of spikelet development at different temperature treatments,then was reverse-transcripted to cDNA with experiment materials,1B/1R K-type wheat male sterile line K3314A and its maintainer line 3314B,non-1B/1R K-type wheat male sterile line 732A and its maintainer line 732B and YS type male sterile line A3017.The expression patterns of 3314B and 732B related to male fertility were analyzed with semi quantitative PCR.The results showed that there were significant differences in the expression of those two genes among those materials and temperature treatments,except that gene AY914051 in two maintainer lines 3314B and 732B.The expression of the two genes was related to the abortion of pollen development in these male sterile lines with different effects.The expression of the two genes in male sterile lines was affected more significantly by the changing temperature than that in maintainer lines.It can be guessed the key development period of pollen abortion in 1B/1R K-type wheat male sterile line,non-1B/1R K-type wheat male sterile line and YS type male sterile line were the mononuclear period or that between mononuclear period and dinucle

Abstract:According to the genetic model of additive-dominance and its interactions with environments,seven agronomic traits in two environments were analyzed with six inbred lines and their nine F₁ hybrids of oil sunflower.The results showed,additive and dominance effects were the major genetic component for plant height,stem diameter,disc diameter,100-GW,kernel percentage and GW per disk.Fertile percentage was mainly controlled by additive effects and dominance×environment interaction effects.Additive effects,dominance effects,and dominance×environment interaction effects played a major role for kernel percentage and GW per disk.The analysis of correlation among agronomic traits indicated that additive correlations were predominance in genetic correlations for most pairs of traits.Farther,the study also indicated that the contribution of additive variance of 100-GW to oil content of seeds was larger than other agronomic traits.The largest contribution of dominant variance to oil content of seeds was due to the fertile percentage.And the largest contribution of additive×environment interaction effects to oil content of seeds was due to the GW per disk.

Abstract:Five lines of YLP,YLP-1,YLP-7,YLP-9,YLP-13 and YLP-16,the distant hybridization generations from Triticum monococcum and Avena fatua L.,which stability resistance to Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici.(Pst) were selected as experiment materials.In order to choose containing alien chromosomes and the strongest resistant plants,we made cytogenetic analysis and resistance evaluation of these hybrid derivatives.2n=42 chromosomes were observed after identification root tip in cytology and the chromosome configuration of most pollen mother cell during metaphase of meiosis Ⅰ were 2n=21Ⅱ;In the pollen mother cell of F₁ plants from five derivatives and Chinese Spring,the frequency of abnormal cells were 16%～50%.Primary identification showed that these materials were translocation lines.YLP were verified generations from distant hybridization.The resistance of these selected nine lines to nine races of stripe rust were done during seedling stage,five lines (YLP-1-4,YLP-7,YLP-9-1,YLP-9-3 and YLP-16-1) resistant to all of these nine races,and could have new genes different from Yr5,Yr10,Yr15 and Yr24/Yr26.We concluded that YLP contains new resistance genes to stripe rust.It could be used as a new source in wheat resistance breeding to stripe rust.

Abstract:The light microscope was employed to observe the morphological and structural characteristics of ovary gall and leaf gall in Camellia oleifera.The results were as follows:(1)The proliferation of tender ovary and leaf infected by a fungus Exobacidium gracile resulted in the formation of hypertrophic fungus galls.The hymenium of E.gracile dispersed on the external surface of mature ovary galls and the surface of leaf galls.(2) Ovary gall developed from infected ovary of C.oleifera,and once reached maturation,the epidermis of ovary gall would exfoliate.(3)It was observed that the ovary gall wall consisted of two layers.The fleshy outer layer was mainly composed of large parenchyma cells,which were actually the main edible parts.The thinner inner layer of ovary wall was carpel containing several ovules attached on the axile placenta,while a large space occurred between the two layers.The ovules were empty and thus infertile.(4)Leaf gall was proliferative tissues of infected tender leaf and was made of large parenchyma cells.The epidermis of leaf gall covered both the upper and lower surfaces of the gall and fallen off when the gall matured.(5)The vascular bundles were found connecting the normal part and the leaf gall in the transition zone.The gall was 3~4 times thicker than normal leaf,and the gall cells were 5~10 times larger than normal leaf cells.No chloroplasts were observed in the gall cells.

Abstract:The pollinarium morphology of 17 species and 1 subspecies of Cynanchum were observed under light microscope(LM).The results showed that:(1)The sharp and size of pollinarium of Cynanchum were different from various kinds of species.The pollinia were sagging,and their shape were usually spheroidal,prolate,and perprolate.The average size of pollinia was long 327.2 μm×wide 183.9 μm.The shape of retinaculum were oblong,near roundness,near squares,and near triangle,and their average size was long 406.1 μm×wide 231.4 μm.(2)The caudicle of C.alatum was the least developed,while that of C.decipiens was the most developed.(3)The pollinarium morphology of C.atratum and C.officinale,C.corymbosum and C.verticillatum were similar.The results supported the treatment of Cynanchum Sect.Vincetoxicum in Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae (Vol.63) and supported that Tylophora should be a unique group.It was considered that C.alatum was the false identification of C.callialatum in Flora of China (Vol.16),since the results in this paper showed their pollinarium morphology were different.

Abstract:Laser confocal scanning microscope (LCSM) and whole-cell patch clamp were used to reveal the influence of actin cytoskeleton deploymerizing agent cytochalasin B （CB）and stabile reagent phalloidin (PD) on the dynamic of cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca²⁺]_i) and calcium ion channels in the protoplasm membrane of Pyrus pyrifolia pollen tube cutting-edge.The results showed that CB could promote [Ca²⁺]_i increase and activate Ca²⁺ channel in plasma membrane;while phalloidin had no effect on [Ca²⁺]_i and did not activate Ca²⁺ channel.The results indicated that disruption of actin cytoskeleton might inhibit pollen germination and tube growth by activating Ca²⁺ channel in plasma membrane and increasing the concentration of [Ca²⁺]_i.

Abstract:Two isozymes of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and peroxidase (POD) were performed by PAGE,and their activities were measured to study the formatting mechanism of heterosis of foxtail millet using hybrid millet ‘Zhang No.3,5,6’ and their parents,respectively.The results indicated that:(1)There were 5 bands of MDH isozyme which belong to homotype and tendfemale type in leaf of hybrid millet Zhang and their parents,and 14 bands of POD isozyme which belong to homotype.(2)The isozyme patterns of MDH between hybrid millet Zhang were same as that of their female parent,and that of POD was same as their parents.The tested individuals and parents differed in number,Rf,activity or width of the POD bands,the zymogram was complicated,but it was simple in MDH.(3)The MDA activities of all varieties were the highest in heading stage and there was heterosis of MDH activity in hybrid millet Zhang from seedling to heading stage,and the POD activity was the highest in early grainfilling stage and there was heterosis from heading to early grainfilling stage too,showing a correlation exists between the isozyme patterns both MDH and POD with the formation of heterosis in hybrid millet Zhang.

Abstract:Day and night variations of net photosynthetic rate,sucrose content,reducing sugar content,starch content and the activities of related enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism in source leaves in response to sinksource manipulation by defruiting and retaining fruits were studied when fruits removed 7 d during fruit expansion period (Cucumis melo L.cv.Hetao).The results indicated that:(1)Day and night variation of net photosynthetic rate was typical single peak curve and showed no evidence of midday depression.There was no significant difference between defruiting and retaining fruits in net photosynthetic rate;(2)Single peak curve variations in contents of sucrose and reducing sugar in leaves were found in day and night changes.Day and night variations of activities of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase on synthesis (SS⁺) in leaves showed bimodal curves.There were no significant curve variations in activities of sucrose synthase on cleavage (SS^-),neutral invertase (NI) and acid invertase (AI) in leaves.All of those physiological indices showed no significant differences between defruiting and retaining fruits.Content of sucrose in leaves increased was related to the activities of SPS and SS⁺,but which decreased regulated by many factors;(3)Single peak curve variations in content of starch and activity of adenosine diphosphateglucose pyrophosphorylase (ADPGPPase) in leaves were found in day and night changes.Content of starch and activity of ADPGPPase in leaves of defruiting treatment were higher than those of retaining fruits.Content of starch in leaves increased was related to the activity of ADPGPPase.

Abstract:The effects of seawater stress on chlorophyll metabolism of two spinach cultivars,Helan No.3 (seawater tolerant cultivar) and Yuanye spinach (seawater sensitive cultivar) were investigated by hydroponics.The results showed that the contents of chlorophyll b(Chl b),chlorophyll a(Chl a),Chl(a+b) and precursor of Chl such as protochlorophyll (Pchl),Mg-protoporphyrin IX(Mg-proto IX),protoporphyrin IX(Proto IX) and uroorphyrinogen III(UroIII) in two spinach cultivars were decreased significantly,whereas porphobilinogen (PBG) and δaminolevulinic acid (ALA) were increased significantly under seawater stress.The change range is greater in cv.Yuanye than that in cv. Helan No.3.The activity of chlorophyllase (Chlase) was not influenced in the leaves of Helan No.3 under seawater stress,whereas activities of porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD) and uroporphyrinogen III synthase (UROS) were decreased significantly on the third day of treatment.As to cv .Yuanye,PBGD and UROS were decreased significantly with the chlase activity increasing significantly.The results showed that chlorophyll biosynthesis in leaves of two spinach cultivars was blocked by seawater stress at the step from PBG to UroIII,and cv.Yuanye was more susceptible to seawater than Helan No.3.The decrease of Chl in cv.Helan No.3 was caused by block of chlorophyll synthesis,whereas the reasons of the decrease of Chl in cv.Yuanye were block of chlorophyll synthesis and accelerating degradation of chlorophyll.

Abstract:A hydroponic experiment was carried out with two different tomato cultivars in salinity-alkalinity tolerance to explore the effects of exogenous spermidine (Spd) soaking seeds on relative growth rates of plant height and stem diameter,contents of leaf water and root water,malondialdehyde (MDA),proline (Pro),chlorophyll,activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD).There are four processing:normal nutrient solution cultivation (CK),100 mmol/L salinity-alkalinity stress,100 mmol/L salinity-alkalinity stress+pre-soaked seeds with 0.1 mmol/L spermidine (Spd),100 mmol/L salinity-alkalinity stress+pre-soaked seeds with 0.25 mmol/L Spd.The results showed that:(1)The chlorophyll content,relative growth rate of plant height and stem diameter,water content in leaf and root reduced;the contents of MDA and Pro increased;the activities of SOD and POD enhanced under salinity-alkalinity stress.(2)Pre-soaked seeds with exogenous Spd could alleviate damage of salinity-alkalinity stress on tomato seedlings via increasing relative growth rates of plant height and stem diameter,water contents in leaf and root,reducing content of MDA,increasing contents of Pro and chlorophyll,enhanceing the activities of SOD and POD in tomato seedlings under stress condition.(3)Under 100 mmol/L salinity-alkalinity stress,0.25 mmol/L Spd has conspicuous impact on alleviating the harm of tomato seedlings,which was more significant for sensitive salinity-alkalinity ‘Zhongza No.9’ seedlings.In summary,the growth of tomato seedlings by a certain degree of inhibition under salinityalkalinity stress,but exogenous Spd could keep tomato seedlings maintain the normal physiological metabolism and improve the seedling resistance to salinity-alkalinity stress ability by adjusting osmotic adjustment material contents and increasing antioxidant enzyme activities to alleviate damage caused by salinity-alkalinity stress.0.25 mmol/L exogenous Spd could enhanced tolerance of tomato plants to salinity-alkalinity stress and this relieve effects on ‘Zhongza No.9’ seedlings is obvious.

Abstract:In order to determine the effect of hydrogen peroxide on the physiological index of wheat seedlings under salt stress,wheat (Triticum aestivum L.cv.‘Zhengmai-004’)seedlings were treated with hydrogen peroxide,hydrogen peroxide treatment in combination with catalase (CAT) and ascorbate acid (AsA).The results showed that treatments with exogenous H₂O₂ significantly decreased MDA content,O-·₂ production rate,increased the activities of SOD,POD,CAT,APX and GSH content in wheat seedlings under salt stress,and remarkably promoted wheat seedling growth (plant height,dry weight,root length and root dry weight).The promoting effect of exogenous H₂O₂ on salt stress could be reversed by the addition of CAT and AsA.It was suggested that exogenous H₂O₂ induced changes in MDA,O-·₂,antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant compounds were responsible for the increase in salt stress tolerance observed in the experiments.Therefore,H₂O₂ may participate in antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant compounds induced tolerance of wheat seedlings to salt stress.The results also showed that exogenous H₂O₂ had a positive physiological effect on the growth and development of salt-stressed seedlings.

Abstract:In order to understand the growth characteristics of Eichhornia crassipes under shading treatments for different time and develop a new way to increase their biomass,we conducted the experiments during the summer natural condition in Nanjing in 2011.Several different time shading treatments (shading for whole day,shading during 7:00～11:00,shading during 11:00～15:00,shading during 15:00～19:00,the natural light condition as control) were set up for planting E.crassipes for 25 d.Every 5 day,the fresh weight per plant,the dry weight per plant,the photosynthesis parameters such as net photosynthetic rate (P_n),antioxidant enzymes activities and 1,5-bisphosphate ribulose carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco) activity in leaves were measured.The results showed,as compared with CK,shading whole day decreased the leaf number and ramate number,the root length,leaf area,the fresh weight and dry weight per plant,but the treatment shading during 11:00～15:00 increased the root length and leaf area.Although the leaf number and ramet number were also inhibited at this treatment.The fresh weight and dry weight per plant were a bit increase as compared to the CK.The changes of growth were closely related to the physiological characteristics.As compared with CK,the shading treatment showed that the max net photosynthetic rate (P_nmax),superoxide dismutase (SOD),peroxidase (POD),ascorbate peroxidase (APX),glutathione reductase (GR) and total antioxidant capacity (AOC) activities of leaves during shading from 11:00 to 15:00 were higher than those of CK and exhibited a decrease of malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide radical production rate,which was helpful to remove reactive oxygen species (ROS) to reduce the oxidation injury at noon;The effect on the Rubisco activity of 11:00～15:00 shading was similar to that of the CK,showed the stable activity of Rubisco.It can be seen that E.crassipes is belong to sun plants.So shading treatment whole day would inhibit the growth of the plant.While with the shading treatment at noon,it would alleviate the photooxidation damage by regulating the growth indexes and inducing the increase of the enzyme activities to keep the stable photosynthetic capability,which can increase the biomass of the plant.

Abstract:To investigate the variations of soil electronic conductivity,invertase activity,urease activity and crop yield,we established a field location experiment with the wheat cultivar “xinong 889”and corn cultivar “zhengdan 958” under the rotation of wheat and corn.The fertilizer treatments included the control (CK),straw (S),straw+manure (SM),straw+urea (SN) and straw+urea and superphosphate (SNP).The results showed that:(1)Soil electronic conductivities in all treatments had a downward tendency.The average of soil EC decreased in the order straw+urea+calcium superphosphate (SNP)>straw+urea (SN)>straw+manure (SM)>straw (S)>CK,and their differences were significant.(2)Straw with chemical fertilizer could promote the mineralization of organic matter.Soil invertase activities and urease activities have the highest values in the SN treatment.The peak value of invertase was 70.62 mg·g^-1·d^-1,which was 1.36 times greater than that in CK.The peak value of urease was 3.58 mg·g^-1·d^-1,which was greater than that in CK by 9.15%.The straw with N and P fertilizer could increase soil invertase and urease activities.(3)Soil organic C was highly significant in the S,SM treatments compared with the CK,SN and SNP treatments.But there were not significant differences between the S and SM treatments.Soil organic C was 8.91% greater in the SM treatment than that in CK.(4)Straw with manure could increase soil organic carbon contents.There were significant differences in soil total N contents among all treatments,SNP first,SM second,S,SN took third place.Soil total N in the SNP,SM,S and SN treatments were larger than that in CK by 19.8%,11.1%,9.88% and 7.41%,respectively.(5)Crop yields in the fertilized treatments were significantly different with CK.The highest of wheat yield was in the SNP treatment,which were greater than that in CK by 50.6%.The highest of cron yield was in the SN treatment,which were greater than that in CK by 34.3%.The fertilizer application increased soil nutrient content,enhanced soil enzyme activities and raised crop yield.

Abstract:The aroma components in 26 different kinds of wine grape and the content of the important component part were identified by the headspace-solid phase microextractiongas chromatography-mass spectrometry.This paper discussed the classification of wine grape according to the contents of aroma compounds with the cluster analysis and principal component analysis.The results showed that:（1）49 kinds of aroma compositions were detected in 26 different kinds of wine grapes and were divided into 6 types,C₆-alcohols and aldehydes,alcohols (except C₆-alcohols),esters,aldehydes (except the C₆-aldehydes) and ketones,terpenes,organic acids.（2）The results of clustering analysis showed that 26 different kinds of wine grape were classified into three categories.Among them,the first kind of wine grapes included 11 varieties,such as cabernet sauvignon.C₆-alcohols and aldehydes compounds were major properties in the first category,and its total content up to 66.4%.The second kind of wine grape includes 6 varieties,such as ruby cabernet.The contents of C₆-alcohols and aldehydes and alcohols (except C₆-alcohols) reached to 40.73% and 30.21%,respectively.The third kind of wine grape included 9 varieties,such as merlot.The content of esters was the supreme aroma components in the third class and it account for 71.06% of the total aroma components.And the organic acids was the lowest part in the three categories (0.18%,0.08% and 0.005% respectively).（3）The results of principal component analysis showed that the first six main components could represent its original information of variables in the first class of wine grape and the first four main components could represent their original information of variables in both the second and third classes of grape.（4）Based on the known aroma compounds,a discrimination model was established for assessing and ranking wine grape by discriminante analysis,and the accuracy of the model was 85.7%.This research showed that the discrimination model could be set up to classify wine grape and provided the theory basis for wine grapes variety improvement and wine quality control.

Abstract:In order to investigate the influence of two bio-organic fertilizers on aroma compounds,5 year old Italian Rieslings grape were treated with 0.02% root application and 0.01% foliage spraying,respectively.Solid phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC/MS) were used for determination after fruit mature.The results showed that:(1)The detection aroma compounds were 33,28,31 and 27 with 2 bio-organic fertilizers and 2 treatments,respectively.They are all higher than 22 kinds of the CK;but there were no significant effects of the detection rate on aromatic compounds.(2)Using bio-organic fertilizer had no significant effects on 2 kinds of aromatic compounds,which had the most relative content including 2-hexenal,hexanal,2-hexen-1-ol and 1-hexanol,but it could significantly increase the ralative content of nerol,linalool,terpineol and damascenone,which were related with the special aroma compounds.The root application with 0.02% of bio-organic fertilizerⅠwas the best;The relative content of nerol,linalool and damascenone were 320.0%,485.7%,860.0% higher than that of CK respectively;the relative content of terpineol was 0.63%,which was not detected in CK.(3)Using bio-organic fertilizers could significantly increase the relative content of ketone,ester,acid,benzene derivatives and alkenes compounds in grape berry,all treatments were higher than that of CK.

Abstract:The aqueous extracts of Tamarix spp.were prepared by three plant tissue collected in the Lower Reaches of Tarim River,and Salsola collina Pall.,one kind of the local perennial herb,was taken as the test plant.The indoor petri dish method was utilized to analyze the allelopathy of Tamarix spp.aqueous extracts on the seed germination and seedling growth of Salsola collina Pall.The result show that:(1)The Tamarix spp.extracts of stem and root both significantly restricted the seed germination of S.collina.The differences of germination rate,germination index,and vitality index of S.collina all reach the significant level in between the stem treatment groups of 0.08～0.20 g/mL and control group.The germination rate decreases by 84.78%,89.12%,76.09%,and 67.39%,respectively.The allelopathy of toot extracts on the seed vitality index of S.collina is more significant.Extreme significance exists between the treatment groups of 0.12 g/mL or 0.16 g/mL and the control group with the response indexes of -0.960 and -0.930.(2)The stem and root extracts of Tamarix spp.presented significant allelopathy on the seedling length and fresh weight of S.collina,respectively.The seedling length and fresh weight both increased by 61.49% and 52.63%,respectively,in the treatment groups of 0.08 g/mL.The extracts of other concentrations all have the restricted impacts.(3)The comprehensive allelopathy of leaf extracts of Tamarix spp.presents the trend of W,the stem extracts have stronger comprehensive allelopathy in higher concentrations,the root extracts have the strongest comprehensive allelopathy in the concentration of 0.12 g/mL (RI=-0.749) and the weakest in the concentration of 0.08 g/mL (RI=-0.389).

Abstract:Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.is one of the most notorious invasive weeds and has been introduced to the regions with warm to subtropical humid climates worldwide.We tested bioassay in laboratory to ascertain the effect of Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr.on vegative growth and allelopathic potential of the invasive species.In this study,the effect on the invasive species is determined by water extract of different organs (belowground and aboveground organs) from H.scandens plants.The main purpose of this study was to find the relationship between H.scandens and A.philoxeroides’s replacement control.The results as follow:(1)Compared with the extract of aboveground organs,the inhibition of allelopathy from belowground organs was stronger than that from aboveground parts at the same concentration.(2)The organs of H.scandens has different function on the leaf area of host plants and the leaf area were reduced to 40.21%,when the rhizome of host plants were applied the extract from the underground organs of H.scandens.(3)The extracts of different organs had little inhibitory effect on the node number of ramets,however,the extracts significantly inhabited the number of ramets which was 25% lower than the contrasts.（4）The water extracts from belowground organs inhabited ramets length of the invasive species.The present study suggests that H.scandens could be used as biological alternative material to manage A.philoxeroides invasion.

Abstract:The photosynthetic characteristics of different life forms of mainly dominant species under different habitats during summer were studied in New Jiangwan Conservation which is located in Yangpu district of Shanghai.The process and characteristic of plant community in urban abandoned district were analyzed from the view of photosynthetic ecology.Meanwhile,the dynamic changes of plant community structure were forecasted with the analysis of the mainly environmental factors.The results shows that：(1)Diurnal changes of photosynthesis in canopy species was showing bimodal curves,species in forest gap bellshape curves,and understory species irregular curves.This indicated the midday depression of photosynthesis of subtropical trees under typical climate in summer.The habitat characteristics also influenced the photosynthetic capacity.(2)The daily average net photosynthetic rates of deciduous trees，such as Robinia pseudoacacia and Celtis sinensis were higher than that of other adult trees in canopy.And deciduous trees had higher light saturation point.Elaeagnus pungens,one of the shade-tolerant shrubs had the highest daily average net photosynthetic rate in understory,next were the young trees and seedlings of Cinnamomum camphora and Ligustrum lucidum,while deciduous trees in understory had low daily average net photosynthetic rate.(3)Based on principal component analysis between net photosynthesis and physioecological factors,in canopy the first principal component was ecological factors,while in gap the first principal component was physiological factors.High photosynthetic efficiency of deciduous trees made them rapidly occupy the upper space.Pioneer tree species with high dispersal ability dominated in early succession stage in new Jiangwan conservation.When the tree community formed，understory seedlings were mainly the species such as C.camphora and L.lucidum with wide range of light adaption.Upper deciduous trees large-scale decline makes C.camphora and L.lucidum gradually replace deciduous trees.

Abstract:Schima superba,one of the typical components of subtropical evergreen broad-leaf forest community,suffered from 2008 ice and snow storm.With five 400 m² established plots in Jianglangshan Mountain,located in Zhejiang Province,the response of photosynthesis rate to light intensity and CO₂ concentration in different patterns of S.superba (uprooted and decapitated trees) were measured and fitted through exponential equation method by using Li-6400 portable photosynthesis system.Meanwhile,the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of different segments of damaged trees were studied.The results are showed as follows:(1)The slope of initial phase light response curve of decapitated trees was higher than that of uprooted trees.With the increase light,the decapitated trees achieve the light saturation point earlier and lower than that of uprooted trees.The slopes of initial phase of the CO₂ response curve of uprooted and decapitated trees were similar.With the increase of CO₂ concentration,each curve has a similar trend.(2)The maximum net photosynthetic rate of saturated light (P_Lmax),the maximum net photosynthetic rate of saturated CO₂ (P_Cmax),light compensation point (LCP),light saturation point (LSP) and effective photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (F_v′/F_m′) of uprooted trees were 22.03% (P<0.05),5.22% (P>0.05) 13.73% (P>0.05),52.48% (P<0.05) and 22.53% (P<0.05) higher than that of decapitated trees.(3)P_Lmax,P_Cmax,the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (F_v/F_m),effective photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (F_v′/F_m′),potential activity of PSⅡ (F_v/F₀) and electron transport rate (ETR) of uprooted trees were the highest in basal segment,followed by those in middle segment,and those in top were the lowest.F_v/F_m,F_v′/F_m′,F_v/F₀,ETR,P_Lmax and P_Cmax of decapitated trees were the highest in top and middle segment,and those in basal were the lowest,while there were no significant difference between those segments of decapitated trees (P>0.05).The photosynthetic capacities of uprooted trees was higher than that of decapitated trees.The photosynthetic capacities of basal of uprooted trees and top of decapitated trees were higher than that of other segments.

Abstract:Nitraria sphaerocarpa Maxim.is a typical desert plant,which often forming N.sphaerocarpa bubbles with varying sizes.To further explore the photosynthetic adaptation mechanism of N.sphaerocarpa canopy for the arid desert environment,we use the measurement system of LI-8100 carbon flux and the modified assimilation chamber to study the photosynthetic characteristics of N.sphaerocarpa canopy in the mid-July and mid-August.The results showed that:the soil respiration rate and soil evaporation rate in mid-July were both higher than those in mid-August;the canopy photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency in mid-August decrease compared with those in mid-July,and the difference was significant (P<0.05).Path analysis between canopy photosynthetic rates of N.sphaerocarpa and environmental factors indicated that photosynthetic active radiation was the major factor to affect canopy photosynthetic rates of N.sphaerocarpa,and play a direct role in canopy photosynthetic rates in mid-July and mid-August;meanwhile,the interaction of air relative humidity,air temperature and photosynthetic active radiation also has a greater influence on canopy photosynthetic rates of N.sphaerocarpa in mid-August.Canopy photosynthetic rate of N.sphaerocarpa in mid-July under high temperature and strong light environment was higher than that in mid-August,which indicated that N.sphaerocarpa had a highly adaptability to the high temperature and light intensity in desert environment.

Abstract:Haloxylon ammodendron,Tamarix taklamakanensis,Populus euphratica are the importance safety barriers to desertification and aeolian disaster combating,regional ecological balance maintenance,biological diversity conservation and the oasis safety in Kumtagh desert region.Seven factors of three elements,geography,soil and water of these three plant populations were chosen as indicators which have important influences.Using factor analysis,the environmental factors impacting on growth and distribution of three species were analyzed.The results showed that:(1)Soil nutrients were the most important factor of the survival and development of three regional species.It indicated that the regional harsh environment and poor soils had apparent limiting to plant growth and development.(2)The effect of altitude was less,and it had an effect together with other factors.The geographical factors on the impact of plant populations mainly arose from the indirect effects through the role of other factors.(3)Water affect significantly on three groups and varied,water and altitude changes had certain relevance,affected together on the distribution and population development of the threespecies.(4)Water was the main factor of distribution of P.euphratica and H.ammodendron species,and the impact on T.taklamakanensis reflected the underground water level and mineralization characteristics of their living environment.The soil which was formed during longterm geology and regional climate change in Kumtagh desert was difficult to improve in the short term.And there had large difficulty on plant protect and restore for the effect of soil nutrient scarcity.Thus regional desertification combating and the existing habitat protecting will be more effective means to maintain regional plant growth and population development.

Abstract:By using the improved competition index model,the intraspecific and interspecific competitions of Pinus tabulaeformis from Ziwuling Mountains in Qingyang City of Gansu Province were quantitatively analyzed.The results show that with the increase of the size of objective tree and the distance between plants,the intraspecific competition intensity decrease,because of the population density regulation during selfthinning.In the community,there are many other species,but their diameter at breast height is less than that of P.tabulaeformis,as a result,the competition intensity of intraspecific was more excessive than that of interspecific.The order of competition intensity is intraspecific＞Quercus liaotungensis＞Toxicodendron vernifluum＞Ulmus davidiana var.japonica.The relation between competition intensity and individual growth of objective tree nearly conformed to power function,and the changing of competition intensity is very small when the diameter of the objective tree grows upto 25 cm.The model can simulate and predict the intraspecific and interspecific competition efficiently.The study provides a new approach to measure the competition intensity.

Abstract:Based on climatic observational data of monthly average temperature and precipitation in Northern and Southern Regions of the Qinling Mountains in 1960～2011,the net primary productivity (NPP) of natural vegetation in the northern and southern regions of the Qinling Mountains was computed by using Zhou GuangshengZhang Xinshi Model,climate trend rate and Spline interpolation method.The variation of temperature and precipitation and its effect on NPP (Net Primary Productivity) were analyzed.The results are as follow:(1)The average annual temperature of the research area was higher in southern part and lower in northern part.1993 was the turning point of temperature.The cooling trend in southern area before 1993 was more obvious,since then the temperature of most stations increased.The temperature of 98% stations increased during last 52 years.(2)The annual precipitation decreased from south to north.1985 was the turning point of precipitation.The precipitation showed a decreasing trend before 1985,while 70% stations increased since 1985.The northern part was becoming dry while the southern slope was becoming wet.There was not significant change in other parts.(3)The mean error between simulated NPP and measured NPP is 11.1%,which is relatively small,and this model is suitable to simulate NPP in Northern and Southern Regions of the Qinling Mountains.NPP was lower in northern part and higher in southern part.According to the size,the order was Ba-Wu Valley,Han River Basin,the southern slope and northern region of Qinling Mountains.The ratio between maximum and minimum values was small which ranging between 1.34 and 1.89.(4)NPP increased over 14.8% under the condition that temperature and precipitation improved together,the northern region of Qinling Mountains had more obvious increasing trend compared with the southern region.Temperate zone deciduous broadleaved showed biggest increasing range,while temperate hassock was the smallest one;Temperature increasing but precipitation decreasing (scenario b) was not good for the accumulation of NPP,thus most stations would decrease instead.Subtropical and tropical broadleaved and deciduous forest showed biggest increasing rate,while temperate zone deciduous broadleaved was the smallest one;NPP increased obviously in scenario c (temperature increasing but precipitation no change),which was smaller than scenario a,NPP of northern region of Qinling Mountains increased more obviously than that of southern region.Different vegetation types showed same changing trend as scenario a,which was smaller than scenario a.

Abstract:Based on field investigation,specimens and literatures,the diversity of Orchidaceae in Qomolangma National Nature Reserve were studied.It shows that 63 species discovered by investigation fall into 35 genera,in which terrestrial were dominant with 42 species,followed by epiphytic with 19 species,and saprophytic with 2 species;The geographical elements of genera are divided into 10 types and 2 variants,which are dominated by North Temperate (33.3%) and Tropical Asia (21.2%);The geographical elements of species are divided into 5 types and 1 variant,dominated by SinoHimalayan.The Orchid floristic composition has a close relationship with Mt.Namjagbarwa region,following by the Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve and Gongga Nature Reserve.It also associates with Qinling area and Mount Xiaoheishan Nature Reserve.

Abstract:Protein extraction from plant samples is usually challenging due to the low protein content and high level of contaminants.Therefore,the 2-DE pattern resolution is strongly influenced by the procedure of sample preparation.To understand mechanisms in cold resistance of alpine plants,a proteomic analysis of callus from a Tibet alpine plant Saussurea involucrata grown at 0℃ was performed.Three improved protein extraction methods,i.e.TCA/aceton extraction,urea/thiourea extraction and phenol extraction,were adopted to extract proteins from samples.The prepared protein samples were separated by twodimensional electrophoresis,followed by colloidal Coomassie Blue G-250 staining.The three methods were compared in protein yield,protein purity,and electrophoregram.The results showed that:(1)Most proteins can be extracted by the phenol protein extraction.In addition,the background is more clear,and less longitudinal and transverse stripes exist.(2)About 500 μg protein sample was the most appropriate for 17 cm IPG strip.(3)2D-MALDI-TOF analysis of the callus samples resulted in the identification of 38 proteins that were differentially accumulated during cold acclimation (0℃ for 12 h).33 proteins were up-regulated by 1.5 fold and 5 proteins were downregulated by 2 fold.(4)NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase,adenosylhomocysteinase,resistance protein RPP8-like protein,hypothetical protein gi|13129470,and alpha-tubulin were induced in coldacclimated callus.The proteins are related to metabolism,plant defense,energy metabolism,and cell structure,respectively.

Abstract:In this paper,3 genera of plant are recorded from Qinling Mountains,China for the first time.The newly recorded genera are Monotropastrum Andres (Pyrolaceae),Gleadovia Gamble et Prain (Orobanchaceae) and Asystasia Blume (Acanthaceae).The newly recorded species or variety are M.humile (D.Don) H.Hara var.glaberrimum H.Hara,G.ruborum Gamble et Prain and A.neesiana (Wallich) Nees.

Abstract:Two newly recorded plants,Alchemilla glabra Neygenf.and Sisyrinchium rosulatum Bickn.,respectively belonging to Alchemilla of Rosaceae and Sisyrinchium of Iridaceae,were reported from Tibet.

Abstract:Euphorbia serpens H.B.K.was reported as new record naturalized plant of China Mainland,collected from Xiamen of Fujian Province,China.The voucher specimen was deposited in Dendrological Herbarium of Forestry College,South China Agricultural University(CANT).

Abstract:There are more than 130 types of terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs) in medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don.In this review,the upstream and downstream of the biosynthesis of these alkaloids in C.roseus,and related studies were summarized.During upstream pathway,tryptamine which came from indole biosynthetic pathway and secologanin which came from monoterpenoid pathway were synthesized into 3α(S)-Strictosidine which is the common precurors of different TIAs by the corresponding enzymatic catalysis.Then various TIAs were found from 3α(S)-Strictosidine by enzymes during downstream process.The TIAs biosynthetic pathway in C.roseus were outlined in the article in order to provide useful information for the researchers who are interested in terpenoid indole alkaloids biosynthetic pathway and metabolic regulation.

Abstract:The semi-permeable layer is defined as the ability of seeds to allow water uptake and gas exchange while at the same time restricting or preventing solute diffusion which occurred in some plant species.The location of a semi-permeable layer is in the seed coat or endosperm.The chemical nature of this layer is cellulose,cutin,suberin or callose and is formed during the process of the seeds development.The site and chemical composition of this layer have the diversity of species.The important value of this layer in seed development,germination and seed vigour test are discussed.This paper reviews research on the characterization,location,chemical composition and research methods of the seed semi-permeable layer and some suggestions have been made for future research work.