Abstract:Function of AZI1 in Arabidopsis resistance to Pseudomonas syringae was analyzed using overexpressing,T-DNA knockout and wild-type lines.(1)The expression of AZI1 could be induced by P.syringae,H₂O₂ and ethephon,indicating AZI1 is involved in salicylic acid- and ethylene-mediated antimicrobial pathways.(2)Western blotting analyses showed that AZI1 and its paralog EARLI1 existed in petiole exudate.They could form complexes with other proteins.It suggested that AZI1 possibly moved to other sites of plants through vascular tissue and related with signal transduction.(3)AZI1 and its paralog EARLI1 mainly expressed in lignified tissues of inflorescence stems,overexpression of AZI1 could promote biosynthesis of lignin and enhance the resistance of Arabidopsis to P.syringae.AZI1 belongs to lipid transfer protein (LTP) family.It may play important functions in transduction of signal molecules during defense response of Arabidopsis to infection of P.syringae.

Abstract:In this study,the male sterile wolfberry (Lycium barbarum Linn.)‘Ningqi 5’and normal fertile line ‘Ningqi 1’ were used.The total RNA was extracted from different developmental stages of bud,and reversely transcribed to the first strand of cDNA.In the light of β-1,3-glucanase homologous characteristic,callase gene （LG1） was cloned,and semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis are carried out later.The results indicated that:(1)LG1 belongs to plant glycosyl hydrolase family 17 genes,and encode 344 amino acids.Five conserved regions of amino acids exist in four plant anther β-1,3-glucanase genes.(2)LG1 gene were highly expressed in the normal fertile wolfberry,but silenced in the male sterile wolfberry.Its nucleotide sequence even has no any mutation in the sterile wolfberry.(3)The anther were stained with aniline blue secondly.It showed that the normal fertile wolfberry anthers tetrad callose was completely disintegrated,while the male sterile line’s was blocked.Therefore,LG1 gene is a downstream gene regulated by upstream sterile gene in the pollen abortive process,its silencing is an important reason for wolfberry sterility.

Abstract:With radish seedlings and T₁ rice lines overexpressing RsICE1 gene (a low temperature stress transcription factor encoding basic-helix-loop-helix from cold-tolerant radish) as materials,we studied expression profiles of RsICE1 gene,hereditary conditions of RsICE1 gene and expression conditions of cold regulatory genes in transgenic rice lines by semi-quantitative RT-PCR,molecule hybridization,and real time quantitative PCR.The results are as follows:(1)The semi-quantitative RT-PCR results suggested that RsICE1 was expressed constitutively in the examined tissues,such as roots,stems and leaves,and RsICE1 gene mRNA levels were dominant in roots and stems of radish seedling.The expression levels of RsICE1 were upregulated by cold and NaCl treatments,but not by the ABA and dehydration treatments.(2)χ² test showed that the transgenic T₁ rice lines existed resistant segregation model for 3∶1 ratio.The Southern and Northern blot analysis showed that RsICE1 gene had been integrated into the genomes of four cold-resitant T₀ transgenic lines,and expressed normally.(3)Real time quantitative PCR results showed that after cold stress,overexpression of RsICE1 gene had no significant effect on the expression of OsDREB1A,OsDREB1B,OsDREB1F suggesting that the function of RsICE1 in cold stress was independent on the OsDERB1 cold responsive signalling pathway in transgenic rice.

Abstract:Using RT-PCR and RACE,we obtained the spinach 14-3-3 protein gene full-length cDNA sequence (GenBank accession No.JX952165),and designated So14-3-3.The full length sequence was 1 166 bp,with the ORF of 801 bp,which encodes 266 amino acids.Amino sequence alignment showed that So14-3-3 had high identity with other plants 14-3-3.The expression of So14-3-3 in root and leaf increased with the increasing nitrate treatment time and NO₃^- concentration by RT-PCR.The prokaryotic expression vector pGEX4T-So14-3-3 was constructed.A recombinant protein induced by IPTG with a molecular weight of 56kD was obtained.Further,Western blotting analysis showed that the expression of So14-3-3 also increased with the increasing nitrate treatment time and NO₃^- concentration.These results provide experimental base to further study the function of So14-3-3.

Abstract:In the present study,an M-type TRX gene,designated as DoTRXm1 (GenBank accession No.KC178573),was identified from a medicinally important orchid species Dendrobium officinale,using RT-PCR and RACE methods.Sequence analyses showed that the full length cDNA of DoTRXm1 was 850 bp and the 570 bp ORF encoded a 189 aa protein with a molecular weight of 20.32 kD and an isoelectric point of 9.44;The deduced DoTRXm1 protein contained a conserved therodoxin domain (87~187) and a catalytic site (106~124).Multiple sequence alignment demonstrated that DoTRXm1 was highly similar (53%~70%) to the M-type TRXs genes in plants.Phylogenetic analysis showed that DoTRXm1 was closely related to monocots including rice,maize,and sorghum,and belonged to the Ⅱ clade of plant M-type TRXs genes.Real time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that DoTRXm1 was constitutively expressed in leaves,stems,and roots of D.officinale.The transcription level of DoTRXm1 in roots was the highest (5.63 fold higher than that of leaves),followed by that of stems (2.35 fold),and leaves.Molecular characterization of DoTRXm1 will be useful for further functional elucidation of the gene involving in the development,stress responses in D.officinale.

Abstract:This study separated a full-length cDNA encoding phenylalnine ammonialyase （PAL） from normalized full-length cDNA library of “Nai” (Prunus salicina) and named PsPAL.We studied the bioinformation and expession profile of PsPAL.The results indicated that:(1)The full-length of cDNA sequence was 2 497 bp,which contained an open reading frame of 2 154 bp and encoded a protein of 718 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular weight of 78 kD and isoelectric point of 6.6.(2)Systematic cladogram analysis revealed that PsPAL and PaPAL from Prunus pseudocerasus could be categorized into the same cluster.All of them had conserved regions of phenylalanine ammonialyase-Histidine ammonialyase (PAL-HAL) and Phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL).(3)PsPAL expression level was higher at the earlier stage of fruit development and reached the maximum at 50 days after flowering,then declined until fruit ripen.(4)Under different stresses,we tested the expression of PsPAL by real-time quantitative PCR.The expression of PsPAL was up-regulated by wound and low temperature treatment and down-regulated by high temperature and anoxic treatment.Interestingly,the expression mode of PsPAL was a saddle curve under ethylene treatment.

Abstract:Batrachospermales is an order belonging to Florideophceae,Rhodophyta.It distributes all over the world.China and its adjacent regions are the distribution center.The small-subunit rDNA gene (SSU) sequences from species of Batrachospermales and their relative lineages were used to reconstruct the phylogenetic trees by using the PAUP^* 4.0b10 and MrBayes 3.1.2 software,which contained 12 samples collected from China and 28 species abroad obtained from GenBank.The results showed that the SSU region sequence was 1 871 bp with 709 variation sites (38%) and 169 parsimony informative sites (9%).The phylogenetic relationships were inferred using the maximum-likelihood,neighbor-joining,and Bayesian analysis,and three methods produced trees with largely congruent topology.All phylogenetic trees topology got a similar placement of Thoreales,which formed a monophyletic group with high bootstrap support.According to the Bayesian analysis,the conclusion supported that the Thoreales should be classified as a separate order.Three trees all revealed that Batrachospermum gelatinosum is separated from other members of Sect.Batrachospermum and should be classified as a separate Section.The genus Kumanoa should be admitted based on Sect.Contorta and Sect.Hybrida.

Abstract:Variation patterns of the characters of fruits and leaf spines of Berberis amurensis Rupr.were investigated by field population sampling and statistical analysis in Taishan Mountain,Shandong Province.(1)Eight hundred and fifty six ripe fruits were gathered from every 10 infructescences sampled from 20 adult individuals of B.amurensis,and the fruits were shiny red in colour,and varied in both shape and size.In the 856 fruits sampled,the seed numbers per fruit varied from 1 to 5,Mean±SD=1.64±0.71,and the number of 1-seeded to 5-seeded fruits were,in turn,406,365,72,12 and 1,respectively.Nevertheless,literatures all showed that fruits of B.amurensis contained only 2 seeds.(2)In 200 infructescences of B.amurensis,the proportions of 1-seeded to 3-seeded fruits in each infructescence were all 0～100%,and the proportions of 4-seeded fruits in each infructescence were 0～60.0%.(3)Three hundreds and eighty six spines were found from every two 1-year shoots sampled from 20 adults of B.amurensis,the spine types exhibited a continuous variation pattern from solitary spine to 8-fid spine,and the number of solitary to 5-fid spines were,in turn,183,53,136,5 and 6,respectively,while only 1 spine for each of the 6-fid to 8-fid spine types.Solitary spine,2-fid and 3-fid spines were all high in percent occurrence,92.50%,75.00% and 80.00%,respectively,among the forty 1-year shoots,and were the three dominant leaf spines of B.amurensis.Whereas literatures all reported that mostly trifid spines,rarely solitary spines appeared in B.amurensis.Thus,in Berberis,further intraspecific patterns of morphological variation can be elucidated by field population sampling.

Abstract:Fagopyrum dibotrys is one of the widespread distylous plant in Fagopyrum Mill.of Phytolaccaceae,belonging to national protected 2nd plants.The reproductive traits of this species such as floral basic characteristics,phenology of flowering,pollen/ovule ratio,pollen viability,stigma receptivity,out-crossing index,emasculation,and flower-visiting insects were investigated by experimental observation and bagging treatment to study its reproductive ecology.The results showed that:(1)The individuals of F.dibotrys within a population exhibited two floral morphs as long-styled and short-styled morphs.Diameter in short-styled flower (7.25±0.11 mm) is higher than that in long one (6.79±0.11 mm).Stigma and anther heights in long-styled flowers are 3.39±0.04 mm and 1.80±0.02 mm,while in short-styled flowers are 1.89±0.04 mm and 3.19±0.06 mm,respectively and exhibiting reciprocal herkogamy.(2)F.dibotrys flowered during August to October in Dajing,Jinggangshan Mountain.The lifespan of a single capitulum is approximately 15 to 23 days,1 to 3 days for a single flower,the pollens of inner anthers scatter first,followed by the outer’s during flowering.The pollen viability of short-styled flower is higher than that of long one,but each short-styled flower has lower pollen number,which shows the phenomenon of the flower’s self-regulation.(3)Bagged experiments suggest that F.dibotrys is self-incompatible,but compatible for intramorph and intermorph,the P/O rations was 810±40.48 and 526.5±42.24,which suggests that the breeding system was facultative outcrossing.(4)The main floral visitors are insects of Hymenoptera,Diptera,Lepidoptera,Hemiptera and Odonata,12 common species for the two morphs,14 species for long-styled flower,35 species for short-styled flower,which showed that the short-styled flower has stronger attraction to visiting insects than long-styled flower.It could be concluded that F.dibotrys is a typically distylous species with strict self-incompatibility,but a little homomorphic compatibility.

Abstract:The fruits at different developmental stages of Calanthe tsoongiana were sectioned and observed through conventional paraffin section,semithin section and scanning electron microscope.The results showed that:(1)The ovule primordia began to differentiate from placenta 19 days after pollination.The ovule primordia was a layer of epidermal cells encircled a list of cells.The top cell differentiated into archesporial cell.Then archesporial cell differentiated directly into megaspore mother cell,45 days after pollination.(2)The mature ovule was anatropous,bi-integument and tenuinucellar.Development of embryo sac was polygonum type.Ovule development was not synchronized even in the same fruit.(3)The first zygote division was unequal,producing a basal cell and a terminal cell.The basal cell gave rise to the suspensor and it did not participate in the formation of embryo proper.The suspensor degenerated at the late stage of the embryo development.Terminal cell gave rise to embryo proper.Development of embryo was Caryophyllad type.(4)The shape of mature seed liked spindle.It consisted of globular embryo,endopleura and episperm.Endopleura and episperm developed from inner tegument and outer integument respectively.

Abstract:The morphology of spores of 6 genera,9 species and 1 form of Lycopodiaceae from China was examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM).The results show that the spores are radially symmetrical and tetrahedron,with a trilete,each of which has a length of about 1/2~3/4 or almost equal to radius of the spores.And some species of Lycopodiaceae have lip-shaped trilete.The spores are often rounded triangular or suborbicular in polar view,and fan-shaped or nearly elliptic in equatorial view.The length of polar axis is about 23~50 μm.The length of equatorial axis is about 24~54 μm.The spores exospore forms the ornamentation outline,including reticulate,baculate,lophate,ornate,tuberculate and granulate.The perispore of spore,usually a thin layer,deposits on the outside surface of the exospore.From spore morphology,the ornamentation types of Lycopodium and Diphasiastrum are interlaced.It is concluded that the boundary between the two genera is not obvious based on the features of spore morphology.But,the other four genera,Lycopodiella,Pseudolycopodiella,Palhinhaea and Lycopodiastrum have their own clear characters in spore morphology.

Abstract:In this test,common wheat root tips were treated with hypoxia water to explore the effects of hypoxia on nucleolar structure and function of root-tip meristematic cells of common wheat using serials of techniques,such as conventional cell preparation,silver staining,electron microscopic observation,indirect immunofluorescence staining and RT-PCR analysis.It was observed that,after hypoxia water treatment,(1)the nucleoli in the meristematic cells became swell,protruded and agglutinated;some inner vesicular and abnormal nucleolar channels appeared;the fine structures of the nucleolus were disappeared and even more,the nucleolus was segregated,etc.(2)Nucleophosmin B23 shuttled from nucleoli to nucleoplasm,even to cytoplasm revealed by indirect immunofluorescence staining techniques.(3)RT-PCR analysis indicted that the expression level of rRNA gene was lower obviously than that of control and the expression signal of C23 was undetectable.It means that the expressions of both ribosomal RNA and C23 genes were down-regulated significantly.Our results demonstrate that hypoxia treatment can not only damage nucleolar structure but inhibit its function.

Abstract:In order to understand the role of nitric oxide (NO) in plant cell death,we investigated the toxic mechanism of SNP on Vicia faba guard cell by using epidemal strips assays together with nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and some inhibitors of the NO signaling pathways.The experimental results showed that:(1)SNP treatment significantly decreased cell viability and induced cell death at concentrations from 0.5 to 9 mmol·L^-1.(2)Two types of specific caspase inhibitors,Z-Asp-2,6 -dichlorobenzoyloxymethylketone (Z-Asp-CH₂-DCB) and Nα-tosyl-Lys-chloromethyl keton (TLCK),significantly blocked SNP-induced cell death.(3)Antioxidants ascorbic acid (AsA) and catalase (CAT) also inhibited SNP-induced guard cell death.Both Ca²⁺ chelating agent ethylene glycol bis (2-aminoethyl) tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and Ca²⁺ channel blocker LaCl₃ decreased the cell death rate caused by SNP.(4)Application of NO scavenger c-PTIO,and inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (PD98059) or guanylate cyclase (ODQ) significantly inhibited SNP-induced cell death.The results of the present study showed that SNP caused programmed cell death in Vicia guard cells.Intracellular NO,ROS and Ca²⁺ as well as MAPK and cGMP molecules participated in the process of SNP-induced programmed cell death.

Abstract:Effects of plant densities on basal stem vascular bundles and root bleeding sap of different density-tolerant maize cultivars were studied in order to provide theoretical basis for high-density planting.The density experiment was conducted in the field with a high density-tolerant maize cultivar (‘Zhengdan 958’) and a low density-tolerant maize cultivar (‘Liaodan 526’) as the experimental materials.The vascular bundle structure of the basal stem internodes was observed by microscope through the hand-sliced method.Moreover,the bleeding sap quantity and the main composition content were also analyzed.The results indicated that:(1)At the jointing stage,the structure of vascular bundle in ‘Zhengdan 958’ was relatively sensitive to changes of density,but there was no significant difference of vascular bundle in ‘Liaodan 526’ among densities.The bleeding sap quantity of ‘Liaodan 526’ decreased in larger extents than did ‘Zhengdan 958’ at the highest density and there was no regular changes in composition content of both cultivars with the density increased.(2)At the milking stage,densities significantly affected the structure of vascular bundle in ‘Liaodan 526’ but had no significant effects on it of ‘Zhengdan 958’.With the density increased,indicators of vascular bundle in ‘Liaodan 526’ decreased in evidence compared with the contrast.The bleeding sap quantity of ‘Zhengdan 958’ was larger than that of ‘Liaodan 526’ at all densities.Soluble sugar in root bleeding sap of both cultivars enhanced,especially in ‘Liaodan 526’.(3)The decreasing extents of yield in ‘Liaodan 526’ were larger than that in ‘Zhengdan 958’ when the density exceeded the contrast.Consequently,the response of high density-tolerant maize to changes of plant density was earlier and expressed a better adaptability than density-intolerant maize,which illuminated physiological mechanism for the difference of density tolerance.

Abstract:In order to compare the effects of methanol and ethanol application on plant physiological characters,5% (V/V) methanol and ethanol were sprayed,respectively,on the leaves of Rohdea japonica grown under greenhouse conditions twice a week,with plants sprayed distilled water as the control.After three weeks,the effects of foliar spraying methanol and ethanol on plant growth,physiological characters and the gene expression related photosynthesis were analyzed.These results indicated that methanol and ethanol both increased leaf fresh weight,total leaf soluble protein content,stomatal conductance,transpiration rate,intercellular CO₂ concentration,net photosynthetic rate,chlorophyll a,b content and total chlorophyll content;decreased leaf hydrogen peroxide content;increased plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase and H⁺-pump activity and the effects of ethanol were more significant than those of methanol.RT-PCR showed that at 12 h methanol stimulation repressed the transcription of genes encoding light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein (Cab) and Ferredoxin-2 (2-FdO),ethanol stimulation induced their expressions,while up-regulated by methanol and down-regulated by ethanol at 72 h after spraying;both methanol and ethanol induced the transcription of gene encoding the photosystem Ⅱ reaction center PsbP family protein (PsbP).According to these data,it can be inferred that the two kinds of alcohol may work as a signal molecule in plants,and the stimulating effect of ethanol is more significant than methanol.

Abstract:To study the effects of different concentrations of salicylic acid on the heat resistance,we used Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo seedlings which is transplanted six months for the experimental material,observed and evaluated its heat tolerance under high temperature stress of different concentrations of salicylic acid-induced,dynamically determinated the activity of chlorophyll,soluble protein,soluble sugar,malonicaldehyde (MDA),free prolin (Pro) content,superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase (POD),hydrogen peroxide enzyme (CAT) ascorbate peroxidase (APX),observed the dynamic trends and chose the best applied concentration.The results showed that,under high temperature stress environment,as the treatment time,the treated plants can effectively alleviate the high temperature damage,improve SOD,POD,APX activities in leaves,inhibit the increase of MDA,increase the accumulation of proline,soluble sugar and show soluble protein and significant differences between the different concentrations.In conclusion,under high temperature stress environment,with the stress treatment time,plants treated by different concentrations of SA can effectively alleviate the high temperature damage.When concentration of SA with 1.5~2.0 mmol·L^-1,the activities of SOD,POD,APX and CAT in leaf were significantly improved;When concentration of SA with 0.5~1.5 mmol·L^-1,the activities of CAT and APX in leaf were significantly improved;The concentration of SA with 1.5~2.0 mmol·L^-1 can effectively inhibit the increase of MDA,proline,soluble sugar and soluble protein accumulation,there are significant differences between the different concentrations.So show that salicylic acid can improve the heat resistance of D.officinale seedlings and 1.5 mmol·L^-1 concentrations can reach the best treatment effect and provide a favorable basis for the facility cultivation of D.officinale.

Abstract:Using tomato variety ‘Qin Feng Bao Guan’ as experimental material and by the method of hydroponics nutrient solution,we studied the effects of single and compound application of salicylic acid (SA) and sodium nitropprusside (SNP an exogenous nitric oxide donor) on tomato seedling growth and physiological characteristics under the 100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl stress.The results showed as follows:single and compound application of SA or SNP could significantly promote activities of seedling leaf protective enzymes (SOD,POD,CAT),enhance the content of chlorophyll and proline and the vitality of seedling roots and decrease leaves electrolyte leakage and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA),which could alleviate the damage to seedling caused by salt stress and promote the growth and development of seedling and the compound application of SA and SNP which is the best has a certain synergy to improve the salt tolerance of tomato seedlings.

Abstract:Potted 3-year-old seedlings of Camellia pubipetala were grown in 10%,25%,50% and 100% natural light intensity,and the effects of light intensity on photosynthesis and physiological characteristics of C.pubipetala seedlings were studied.It will provide scientific basis for ex-suit conservation and population recovery in C.pubipetala.(1)It has been found that with the increasing light intensity,the maximum net photosynthetic rate (P_max),light saturation point (LSP) and apparent quantum yield (AQY) all decreased,while light compensation point(LCP) increased.The P_max and AQY in 10% and 25% light were significantly higher than that in 50% and 100% light.(2)The contents of total chlorophyll (Chl),chlorophyll a (Chl a),chlorophyll b (Chl b) and carotenoid (Car) in leaves all decreased with increasing light intensity,while Car/Chl enhanced with stronger irradiance.(3)The chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters F_m,F_v,F_v/F₀,F_v/F_m all decreased under high light,and F_m,F_v,F_v/F_m in 100% light were significantly lower than that in other three treatments,while these 3 parameters had no significantly difference in 10%,25%,50% light.(4)The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline (Pro) in leaves increased in strong light,and in 100% light,these two indexes were significantly higher than that in other three treatments,the contents of MDA in leaves was significantly higher in 50% light than that in 10% and 25% light.(5)There was no photoinhibition in 25% natural light intensity of C.pubipetala.While in 50% natural light intensity,its photoinhibition was mainly caused by reversible deactivation of PSⅡ reaction center.In 100% natural light intensity,the reaction center of PSⅡ was seriously destroyed,and there was a light oxidation in C.pubipetala.We concluded that C.pubipetala is a shade-tolerant plant,but it can bear a certain degree of strong light (50% light intensity).So the protect measure of moderate intermediate cutting upper layer trees could be adopted in over crown closure forest so as to increase forest light transmittance,which improve flowering and seed setting rate of the plant,and promote the natural regeneration of C.pubipetala population.C.pubipetala is suitable for growing in opening shade environments in ex-suit conservation.

Abstract:We studied the mercury stress of through potted 1-year old seedlings four different energy willow clones (N2,N4,NC,NE),and conducted Hg²⁺ stress experiment,measured the physiological and biochemical indices,then all the parameters were used to evaluate the potential Hg²⁺ tolerance through the subordinate function method and screening out the tolerance heavy metal Hg²⁺ potential energy willow clones.The results show that:(1)With the rise of the soil Hg²⁺ concentration,the four energy willow clones protective enzymes POD,SOD and CAT activities showed a trend of increased and then decreased,the resistance of the 4 energy willow clones is different,but NC’s POD and CAT activities still higher than CK under severe stress;(2)The content of soluble protein and proline in the leaves of all clones are showing a trend of increased and then decreased with the heavy metals Hg²⁺ stress intensifies,all the energy willow clones reached the peak in the mild or moderate stress,and the rate of decline of soluble protein content is larger,this phenomenon showed more obvious in NC and NE clones;(3)With the heavy metals Hg²⁺ stress intensifies,the root activities of N2,N4 and NE showed a trend of decreased,but NC’s rise slightly under mild stress,then showed a trend of decreased;and the content of MDA of four energy willow clones showed a trend of decreased,and reached the significant level under moderate and severe stress;(4)Under mild Hg²⁺ stress,N4 and NE’s chlorophyll content and Chl a/Chl b value are presented descending trend,while N2 and NC’s is slight rise ;under moderate and severe stress,four energy willow clones chlorophyll content and Chl a/Chl b value are fallen rapidly,but the rate of decline of four energy clones are differences,the rate of decline of N4 is maximum,NC’s is minimum;(5)Using membership function of fuzzy evaluation method for comprehensive evaluation of four energy willow clones of Hg²⁺ tolerated,the result indicated that:Salix C>Salix E>Salix 4>Salix 2.Thereby under different intension of Hg²⁺ stress,four energy willow clones can adjust its protective enzymes activities,GSH content and organic osmolytes content to relieve the stress of Hg²⁺,showing some tolerance to heavy metal stress of Hg²⁺,and the tolerance potential of NC is the best.

Abstract:Epiphytic Tillandsia species receive water and nutrients directly from the air through foliar trichomes.For this reason,they can be selected to carry out monitoring environmental pollution.Tillandsia brachycaulos was selected as the materials and cultivated with different Pb(NO₃)₂ solutions (0～100 mg/L).All T.brachycaulos remained alive after 15 days,and the total concentration of Pb in plants increased significantly with the increase of Pb concentration.Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) analysis showed Pb was detected on each type of cells in foliar trichomes,but the ratio of Pb in the internal disc cells was higher than those in ring cells and wing cells.The results suggested that the plants of T.brachycaulos were able to survive under relatively high Pb stress,and accumulated Pb quickly and effectively.Therefore,they had high potential for monitoring in Pb polluted environment.Foliar trichomes of T.brachycaulos were probably the main structure in enriching heavy metals,while the mechanism of adsorbing heavy metals in Tillandsia had an active component.

Abstract:According to the ratios of base fertilizer:elongation fertilizer:booting fertilizer,the four nitrogen treatments were N₁(10∶0∶0),N₂(7∶3∶0),N₃(5∶5∶0),N₄(3∶5∶2),respectively.Field experiments with ‘Yannong 19’ (Triticum aestivum L.) were conducted to investigate the effects of postponing nitrogen application on grain filling characteristics and yield components of winter wheat suffered waterlogging after anthesis in continuous growing seasons from 2010 to 2012.The growth processes of 1000-grain volume and 1000-grain dry weight were simulated by polynomial regression and logistic equation,respectively.The results showed clearly:(1)Since the changing trends of indexes were similar in two growing seasons,the results were analyzed according to their averages.(2)Waterlogging after anthesis significantly reduced averages of 1000-grain volume,grain filling rate,grain filling duration,1000-grain dry weight,grains per spike and yield of winter wheat by 11.8%,15.4%,9.2%,20.9%,7.0% and 26.6%,respectively,but had no significant effect on spike numbers.Compared with the treatment N₁,treatments of postponing nitrogen application N₂,N₃ and N₄ significantly improved 1000-grain volume by 10.2%,15.0% and 19.4%,respectively;grain filling rate by 8.5%,16.0% and 18.2%,respectively;grain filling duration by 5.0%,9.4% and 11.5%,respectively;1000-grain dry weight by 11.9%,20.2% and 25.6%,respectively;grains per spike by 7.9%,12.3% and 14.6%,respectively;and yield by 18.1%,29.6% and 37.6%,respectively;while reduced spike numbers by 2.2%,3.8% and 4.3%,respectively.(3)According to grey correlations between yield and grain filling parameters of winter wheat,the grain filling rate parameters were significantly related with waterlogging,while the grain filling duration parameters were less related.The treatments of postponing nitrogen application increased yield of winter wheat mainly by improving grain filling rates in middle and late grain filling stages.The study indicated that the treatment N₄ (3∶5∶2) was the optimal nitrogen application to obtain the highest yield of winter wheat in wheat-producing areas suffered waterlogging after anthesis.

Abstract:A controlled hydroponics experiment in the tall plant growth rooms (AGC-DOO3N) was conducted to investigate the effects of elevated CO₂ concentration(at two controlled levels:380 and 760 μmol·mol^-1) on the agronomic traits,dry matter accumulation of maize and soybean under three cropping patterns and two phosphorus levels(phosphorus deficiency and normal phosphorus supply).The three cropping patterns are maize monoculture,soybean monoculture and maize-soybean intercropping.The results showed that:(1)Elevated CO₂ could significantly increase plant height,stem diameter,leaf area and the root dry weight, above-ground dry matters weight as well as gross dry matters weight of maize and soybean under different cropping patterns.(2)Compared to the phosphorus deficiency group,this kind of positive effect on every trait was better promoted in the normal phosphorus supply group.(3)Cropping patterns did not affect the growth of soybean under both CO₂ concentrations in this study.Intercropped maize had,however,significant growth advantage over monocultured maize,and this advantage could be enhanced under higher phosphorus supply and CO₂ concentration.

Abstract:The biomass,productivity of the multi-layer forests for Pinus massoniana and Cinnamomum cassia under different light treatments was studied by the methods of sampling plot harvesting method and allometric dimension analysis in Cenxi City.The results were as follows.(1)Among different treatments,the biomasses of litter layer increased while the shrub and herb layer decreased with the shade density increasing.The stand biomass,productivities and total biomass in multi-layer forests are far more than that in the single-layer pine forest during the management period.(2)The net productions of stand in multi-layer forests were more than that in the single-layer pine forest and the stand structure with 0.5～0.7 shade density of pine those multi-layer forests was helpful to get light resource.Particularly,the multi-layer model with 0.5 shade density in upper layer and 781 trees/hm² of pine and 5 952 trees/hm² of cinnamon were considered the desired pattern on economic and ecological benefits that showed the distinct stratification with the highest total biomass (167.64 t/hm²),biomass of tree layer (160.549 t/hm² ) and net productivity ［9.146 t/(hm²·a)］ were 14.9%,18.5% and 68.7% higher than that the single-layer pine forest respectively.From the results,adjusting light resource affected on the distribution of total biomass significantly and also had major impact on allocation of organ biomass.The multi-layer forest improved the proportion of tree biomass in the total biomass which illustrated its stronger ability to gain environment resources,consequently,to improve forest stability.

Abstract:Regeneration characteristics of main woody plant seedlings in pine-oak mixed forest were conducted in Huoditang Forest in Qinling Mountains.The results showed that:(1)Forty tree species were found in the tree layer of the pine-oak mixed forest.The dominant species were Pinus tabuliformis,Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata and Pinus armandii showed important values of 35.19%,31.99% and 8.12%,respectively.The subdominant tree species were Toxicodendron vernicifluum,Quercus variabilis and Swida macrophylla exhibited the important values higher than 1%.(2)There were 87 woody plant species under the regeneration layer,34 tree species of the 87 woody species under the regeneration layer.The dominant species included Q.aliena var.acuteserrata,Rubus corchorifolius and Smilax china with the important values higher than 7%,and the shrub species offer mild advantages under the regeneration layer.The seedling and sapling densities of trees have obvious difference at different highness class under the regeneration layer,and the seedling bank was abundant with lower height class.(3)Seedling and sapling densities of Q.aliena var.acuteserrata were significantly higher than those of P.tabuliformis and P.armandii.Seedling density of Q.aliena var.acuteserrata was significantly higher than its sapling density.However,no significant difference was found in P.tabuliformis and P.armandii.(4)The diameter structure of Q.aliena var.acuteserrata population in the pine-oak mixed forest revealed a reverse J-shaped distribution from small size class to large size class.The populations of P.tabuliformis and P.armandii appeared to be normal distribution in the pine-oak mixed forest,which means that the individuals of large size class were relatively stable,but lack of saplings in the pine-oak mixed forest.The results suggest that although Q.aliena var.acuteserrata population exhibited obstacle from seedling development to sampling,the overall population regeneration did not affect.Q.aliena var.acuteserrata population will keep the reverse J-shaped regeneration pattern if no large-scale interference and will take the place of the P.tabuliformis to be the first dominant species.P.tabuliformis and P.armandii populations’ lack of saplings but existed many mother trees,this will not contribute to staying in community for a long term.

Abstract:Based on the field investigation,some specimens and data of relative information,a catalog of wild seed plant,and the floristic of wild seed plant analyzed.The results show that:(1)There are 770 species in 261 genera and 60 families of wild seed plant in the Big Youerdosi Basin of Bayanbulak.(2)11 dominant families are Gramineae,Compositae,Leguminosae,Caryophyllaceae,Rosaceae,Brassicaceae,Cyperaceae,Ranunculaceae etc and Leguminosae,Gentianaceae,Caryophyllaceae,Gramineae are regarded as the typical families.(3)The temperate distribution occupies the overwhelming superiority.In a the Family level,temperate-type belongs to 30 families,accounting for the total number of subjects(excluding the world wide families) of 88.24%.In a grade level,the temperate distribution patterns of the 200 genera,is the total number of 97.78%.At the same time,some plant species are the most interflows between in this area and the Mediterranean,Central Asia,West Asia,little communication with East Asia and tropical.(4)There were no genera endemic to China in the area,although 55 species were China specific in the area,which 32 species endemic to Xinjiang in the area.

Abstract:To investigated the vascular floristic characteristics of Baishilazi Natural Reserve in China,we conducted plot survey,diversity index,correlation analysis and cluster analysis.Our results showed that:(1)1 056 species of vascular plants (442 genera,114 families) were recorded in Baishilazi.It is abundant of species and notable in dominant family and genus phenomenon.The flora is ancient and has not obvious phenomenon of endemic species.The dominance of temperate elements is obvious and tropical elements are less.(2)Compared with adjacent mountains,floristic Shannon-Wiener index are obvious differences,while simpson index are not.Shannon-Wiener index of Mt.Tai and Mt.Culai are quite high,while the others are not.(3)According to the relativity of flora from different mountains,their correlation is significant at the 0.01 level,and the coefficients are between 0.835 and 0.994.Cluster analysis deduces that boundary of Changbai flora and Huabei flora is located between Baishalazi and Fenghuang Mountain.Vegetation should be protcted in order to make a good habitat environment for sustainable development and region ecological security.

Abstract:Taking ‘Banjintao’(blood flesh),‘Troubador’ (yellow flesh) and ‘Zhengji’ (white flesh) as experimental materials,we measured the total carotenoid content and the carotenoid components by UV spectrophotometer and HPLC,respectively.The results showed that:(1)There were five main carotenoid components in peach fruit including xanthophyll,zeaxanthin,β-cryptoxanthin,α-carotene and β-carotene.(2)The total carotenoid content was gradually reducing in Banjintao and Zhengji with the fruit develops.However,it was different in Troubador which was rise after the first decrease,and obviously much more than that in other two varieties.The xanthophyll amount was gradually reducing and near zero at mature stage in three types of peach fruit.Zeaxanthin showed the tendency of decrease,rise and then approached to the maximum at mature stage.The β-cryptoxanthin,α-carotene and β-carotene of Banjintao and Zhengji were gradually decreasing.The β-cryptoxanthin showed the tendency of rise,decrease and rise again in Troubador,while the α-carotene and β-carotene were gradually rising,and all approached the maximum at mature stage.(3)The total carotenoid amount approached the maximum at mature stage in Troubador.β-carotene plays a main role and accounts 75.99% of the five carotenoid components.The study showed that the incarnadine formation had close connection with carotenoids changes in peach fruit,especially the β-carotene.

Abstract:The changes of total flavonoids content,total polyphenol content and antioxidant activities of Zanthoxylum bungeagum Maxim.and the correlation between them were investigated.The results indicated that:（1）The total flavonoid content and total polyphenol content were accumulated during the growth of Z.bungeanum Maxim..The total flavonoid content was increasing with the maturity level of the fruit,and reached its highest level in August (164.14 mg/g).Total polyphenol content was increased rapidly in the early periods of growth and reached its highest level in June (77.17 mg/g).Then it decreased rapidly to 46.23 mg/g in August.(2)The correlation between the total flavonoid content,total polyphenol content and reducing power was significantly positive (P<0.01),and the correlation coefficients are 0.977 and 0.960,respectively;there is also a significant positive relationship between flavonoid content,polyphenol content and ·OH^- scavenging capacity,and their correlation coefficients are 0.917 and 0.933,respectively.The above results indicated that the Z.bungeagum Maxim.pericarp can be used as a valuable source of antioxidant products.

Abstract:The study was intended to illustrate the anticoagulant activity of different part (including root,leaf and flower) of Panax notoginseng.The prothrombin time (PT) assay was introduced to evaluate the anticoagulant activity of the 70% methanol extracts of root,leaf and flower of P.notoginseng as well as the various saponins separated from the root and leaf by macroporous resin.The results were submitted as follows:(1)At the concentration of 20 mg/mL,the PT values of 70% methanol extracts of root,leaf and flower of P.notoginseng were much higher than blank control and positive control.The PT values of extracts of leaf and flower were significantly higher than that of root extract.(2)According to the test of dose-effect relationship,20(S)-protopanaxadiol saponins (PDS) separated from root (R-50,50% ethanol extract of root) and leaf (L-50,50% ethanol extract of leaf) showed a much higher PT value than that of other samples ［20(s)-protopanaxatriol saponins (PTS) separated from root (R-30) and leaf (L-30),P.notoginseng saponins (PNS) and notoginseng leaf saponins (NLS)］,especially when the concentration was under 25 mg/mL;(3)The PT value of L-50 was always higher than that of R-50 with a concentration.These results indicated that leaf and flower possess stronger anticoagulant activity among the different part of P.notoginseng.And the PDS from leaf,showed the strongest anticoagulant activity,may be the potential anticlotting drug.

Abstract:Three newly recorded plants were reported from Xizang.They are Silene firma Sieb.et Zucc.(Caryophyllaceae),Morina chlorantha Diels (Dipsacaceae) and Anaphalis bulleyana (J.F.Jeffr.) Chang (Asteraceae).

Abstract:Two species of the genus Elatostema are reported as new records in Anhui Province,i.e.E.cyrtandrifolium (Zoll.et Mor.) Miq.and E.atroviride W.T.Wang.

Abstract:Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are highly conserved zinc-dependent endopeptidases.Medicinal studies have shown that human MMPs are not only playing crucial roles in a wide range of physiological processes,but also associated with numerous serious diseases.For instance,MMPs are highly up-regulated in malignant tumor tissues and closely linked with tumor invasion and metastasis.MMPs are also widely present in higher plants and plant MMPs might be involved in several aspects such as regulation of development,plant innate immunity and responses to abiotic stresses.In this review we provide a brief introduction to the distribution,structural features,activity modulation and biological functions of plant MMPs and summarize recent progresses from the relevant studies.In addition,we discussed the research tendencies and key questions within this field.