Abstract:Two types of cDNA (named AhDGAT3A and AhDGAT3B) encoding diacylglycerol acyltransferase were isolated from the developing seeds of Arachis hypogaea Luhua 14 by RT-PCR.The similarities of the nucleotide and putative amino acid sequences of the two genes were 96% and 94%,and further analyses of AhDGAT3A were performed from different aspects:(1)By semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis,it was showed that the transcription of AhDGAT3A mRNA was detectable in all organs analyzed,and the expression level of this gene was the highest in flower,and the lowest in stem;in seed,the expression level of this gene at the developmental stage of 60 d after pegging was higher than that at the other developing stages.(2)Using the method of chromosome walking,a 1 588 bp length of DNA fragment from 5′ upstream regulation region of AhDGAT3A was cloned,and the cis-acting elements were analyzed with the online software.It was found that in the promoter region,additionally,the core elements,there were several other pupative regulation elements which involved in the expression in pollens,the responsiveness of light and stress.(3)The investigation of the crude lipid content and the main fatty acids content was found that,due to the influence of homologous co-suppression,the seeds in all transgenic tobacco lines overexpressing AhDGAT3A contain less crude lipid and main fatty acids than those in controls.

Abstract:Primers were designed according to the cDNA sequence of tea alcohol dehydrogenase gene (CsiADH1).RT-PCR method was used to clone CsiADH1 from ‘Longjing 43’.The expression levels of CsiADH1 under biotic and abiotic stress were analyzed by qRT-PCR.The results showed CsiADH1 contains an open reading frame of 1 044 bp which encodes a protein of 347 amino acids.Tea geometrid feeding,wounding,JA and SA treatment up-regulated the expression levels of CsiADH1.Using molecular cloning techniques,the ORF region sequence was cloned into the pCAMBIA1301 vector under the control of a consistent promoter CaMV35S.The recombinant pCAMBIA-ADH was then inserted into tomato cultivar‘Zhongshu 4’using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation.8 transgenic plants were obtained by PCR identification.The results will help to further understand the molecular mechanism of CsiADH1 in plant induced defense response.

Abstract:In this work,a defensin-like cDNA sequence was cloned from watermelon,named ClPDF2.1 (GenBank accession No.KC481267).Bioinformatics analysis showed that ClPDF2.1 encodes a putative polypeptide of 75 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 8.237 kD and a theoretical pI of 9.375.Sequence alignment showed that ClPDF2.1 had high homology to known PDF proteins from other plant species and contained the conserved eight cysteines motif.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that ClPDF2.1 belonged to the Arabidopsis PDF2 cluster,and was close to Capsicum annuum PDF gene with an overall sequence identity of 59%.Real-time PCR analysis revealed that ClPDF2.1 expressed in all tissues examined,with the highest in leaves,second in roots and the lowest in stems.Expression profiles under different treatments such as abscisic acid (SA),methyl jasmonate (JA),ethephon (ETH) and Fusarium wilt were compared,and the results revealed that transcriptional level of ClPDF2.1 was obviously up-regulated.These results suggested that ClPDF2.1 is probably employed the signal pathways to defense against Fusarium wilt pathogen.

Abstract:In this study,the cDNA of a new MYB gene,designated as GhMYB113,was isolated from cotton leaf by in silico cloning and RT-PCR.The length of its ORF was 738 bp and encoded a protein with 246 amino acids.The genomic sequence of GhMYB113 was 1 927 bp in length and was composed of 3 exons and 2 introns.Predicted protein belonged to R2R3-MYB family and contained two MYB domains.Alignment of sequences showed that the deduced GhMYB113 protein was highly homologous to other MYB proteins from different species.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that GhMYB113 was closest to MYB of hybrid rose.The quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR） demonstrated that GhMYB113 highly expressed in root.After drought,salt and low-temperature stress treatment,qPCR is perfomed to detecting the expression pattern of GhMYB113 in cotton seedlings.It turned out that GhMYB113 responded to all the three kinds of abiotic stresses.It was speculated that GhMYB113 plays a important role in response to abiotic stresses including drought,salinity and low-temperature .

Abstract:In order to study the possibility of utilizing StP5CS gene to enhance the resistance to salt,we introduced StP5CS gene into hypocotyls of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.var.capitata L.) by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.After selection with bialaphos,36 transgenic plants were regenerated.PCR and Southern hybridization analysis revealed that StP5CS gene had been integrated into the genome of cabbage plants.Moreover,RT-PCR analysis showed that StP5CS gene was expressed in the most transgenic plants.The results of NaCl treatment indicated that the transgenic plants could survive while CK could not.The SOD activity,proline content and rate of electrolyte leakage of transgenic plants increased with the increase of the NaCl concentration.They were highest when the transgenic plants were treated with 400 mmol/L NaCl.The results suggested that the salt tolerance of the transgenic plants increased.

Abstract:Pathogen inducible promoters are helpful for genetic engineering on disease resistance by restricting expression to infection sites.A 273 bp fragment from the promoter of potato glutathione S transferase gene,named as prp1-1,could mediate rapid and strictly localized transcriptional activation at infection sites.Rs-AFP2 exerts antifungal activity against a broad spectrum of plant pathogenic filamentous fungi.Rs-AFP2 gene under the control of pathogen inducible promoter prp1-1 was introduced into pepper by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation.Reversed transcript PCR results showed that the Rs-AFP2 gene was induced to transcribe only after inoculation with the zoospores of Phytophthora capsici.Tested by root-irrigating with the zoospores of P.capsici,29 of 35 Rs-AFP2 transgenic T₁ lines enhanced resistance markedly.Other 23 T₁ lines were planted in soil of growth cabinet.And no effect on plant morphology was observed at the Rs-AFP2 transgenic T₁ lines.The results suggest the inducible expression of Rs-AFP2 derived by prp1-1 could enhance pepper disease resistance to P.capsici and avoid the adverse effect.

Abstract:In this study,the comparative fluorescent quantitative real-time PCR is used to study the expression of CCR gene in ovules,testas（from 10 to 60 days after pollination）,leaves,stems,chapiters and other organs of hull and hull-less Cucurbita pepo.The results indicated that:(1)The expression of CCR gene in both samples showed very similar pattern:raise-decline-raise-decline in hull and hull-less testa during the stage of ovule to 60 days after pollination and the expression levels of CCR gene have significant and highly significant difference between periods of pumpkins.(2)The expression level of CCR in hull-less was 1.2 fold higher than that in hull pumpkin ovules.(3)Follow the developmental stages,the expression levels of CCR gene in hull pumpkin’s testas were always higher than that of hull-less pumpkin.During the period of 10 to 60 days after pollination,the expression levels in the hull pumpkin testas were from 1.2 to 5.1 folds higher than those of the hull-less pumpkin.It suggested that the CCR gene was not only take part in the development process of testa but also played roles on the formation of the seed coat.The expression levels of CCR gene in hull-less pumpkin leaves,stems,chapiters and other organs are higher than those of the hull pumpkin,and the results also showed that the expression pattern of CCR gene has tissue-specific characteristics.The expression of CCR gene positively associated with the lignified degree of organs.

Abstract:In Arabidopsis,IQM family has six members and IQM1 is a Ca²⁺-independent calmodulin-binding protein.We previously found that the loss-of-function mutant iqm1 displayed a smaller stomatal aperture and a shorter primary root,and did not obviously change its stomatal aperture when treated with light,darkness or ABA.Here,we constructed a binary expression vector harboring the IQM1 gene,and introduced it into wild-type Arabidopsis,and obtained 10 IQM1 overexpression lines through PCR identification and semiquantitative RT-PCR assay.The IQM1 overexpression lines exhibited significantly bigger and smaller stomatal aperture than wild-type and iqm1-1 when treated with light and darkness,respectively.These lines also showed longer primary root and more lateral root than wild-type and iqm1-1.Besides these IQM1 overexpression lines did not display phenotype in plant growth,bolting,flowering and fruiting.These results further suggest that IQM1 plays an important role in stomatal movement and root growth.

Abstract:Previous studies have shown that H₂O₂ acting as a second messenger functions in UV-B-regulated diverse processes in plants,but its origins remain elusive.The purpose of this paper is to investigate the enzymatic sources of H₂OO₂ mediating different doses of UV-B-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves.With stomatal aperture bioassay and confocal laser-scanning microscopy,we observed that 0.5 W·m^-2 UV-B induced H₂O₂ production in guard cells and stomatal closure in wild type (WT),which were significantly inhibited by diphenylene iodonium chloride (DPI,an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase),but not by salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM,an inhibitor of cell wall peroxidase).Meanwhile,this dose of UV-B could not induce H₂O₂ generation and stomatal closure in either single mutants AtrbohD and AtrbohF or double mutant AtrbohD/F.In contrast,0.65 W·m^-2 UV-B could induce H₂O₂ generation and stomatal closure in both WT and the three mutants,which were largely inhibited by SHAM,but not by DPI.These results demonstrate that different doses of UV-B activate distinct sources of H₂O₂ to induce stomatal closure in A.thaliana leaves.The low dose of UV-B activates NADPH oxidases AtrbohD- and AtrbohF-sources of H₂O₂ to induce stomatal closure,while the high dose of UV-B mainly activates cell wall peroxidase-sources of H₂O₂ to induce stomatal closure in A.thaliana.

Abstract:The karyotypes of 20 population in 6 lily species native to China were studied using traditional squash method.The results showed that:(1)The chromosome number of the 1 population was 22(2n=22),that of the 19 others was 24(2n=24).(2)Of the 20 populations,4 populations possessed B chromosome,12 populations had different numbers satellite.(3)17 populations belonged to the stebbins’ 3B karyotype,2 populations belonged to 3A karyotype,and the rest one belonged to 4B karyotype.(4)The AS.K and the ratio of the length of the longest and the shortest chromosome were 77.16%～83.83% and 1.85～3.07,respectively.A lot of chromosome morphology diversity existed among different populations or different varieties of the same species.The genetic diversity of different species or populations could be discriminated by means of the number and position of different kinds of chromosomes,as well as the difference of satellite number and positions.

Abstract:Coptis Salisb.in China is divided into 2 groups by morphology of leaf according to Flora of China.The group with three all splited palmate leaves includes 4 species and 1 variety,which are Coptis deltoidea,C.omeiensis,C.teeta,C.chinensis and its variety C.chinensis var.brevisepala.C.quinquesecta scattered in Southeast Yunnan and C.quinquefolia distributed only in Taiwan belong to the group with five all splited palmate leaves.By using the methods of root tip squash and carbol fuchsin dyeing,we investigated the chromosome numbers and karyotypes of 5 species and 1 variety except C.quinquefolia of this genus in China,as well as C.japonica.The results are as follows:(1)The chromosome numbers and karyotypes of C.quinquesecta,C.chinensis var.brevisepala and C.japonica are reported for the first time.(2)In this genus,the basic chromosome number is x=9.Except for triploid of C.deltoidea,all others are diploids.(3)The karyotypes of all diploid species and variety of the group with three all splited palmate leaves belong to 2A type.They have similar metaphase chromosomes.In the group with five all splited palmate leaves,the karyotypes of the 2 species belong to 1A type,and the karyotypical features of the 2 species are more similar,and the sizes of chromosome are smaller than the ones of the species in another group.The similar karyotypical features support the viewpoint that the 2 groups are natural taxa respectively.(4)The degree of asymmetry of the karyotype of C.deltoidea is the highest in these 6 species and 1 variety,and its karyotype belongs to 3A type.According to the sizes of chromosomes and the geographical distribution,it is proposed that C.deltoidea be derived originally from C.omeiensis.(5)According to the asymmetric degree of the karyotype and the sizes of chromosomes,the group with five all splited palmate leaves is considered as a primitive taxon in the genus.

Abstract:Chromosome behavior during microsporogenesis and variation of pollen size of Populus×xiaozhuanica W.Y.Hsu et Liang cv.‘Baicheng-2’ in greenhouse were studied by aceto-carmine squash technique.The results were as follows:(1)Some meiotic abnormalities,such as univalent in diakinesis,precocious migrated chromosomes in metaphase Ⅰ,lagging chromosomes and bridges in anaphase Ⅰ and Ⅱ,micronuclei in telophase Ⅰ and Ⅱ,abnormal orientation of spindles in metaphase Ⅱ and aberrant cytokinesis,were found with certain frequencies,which could be related with the hybrid origin of the ‘Baicheng-2’.(2)The nucleolus number changed dynamically from one to eight.In daughter nuclei of some telophase Ⅰ and Ⅱ cells,at most 8 small nucleoli were observed,which was probably related with polyploid origin of the genus Populus.The genome of the ‘Baicheng-2’ may have 8 pairs of chromosomes with nucleolus organizer regions.(3) The ‘Baicheng-2’ produced 3.67% empty and shrunken pollen grains.The diameter of plump grains ranged from 21.3 to 52.2 μm,and the frequency of pollen diameter followed a similar Gaussian distribution.However,the diameters of 0.69% pollen grains were more than 37 μm,suggesting a few of unreduced 2n pollen might be produced.

Abstract:Hedinia tibetica (Thoms.) Ostenf,an endemic Cruciferae species growing near glacier region is one of the typical alpine cold-resistant plant.In order to insight into the morphological adaptation characteristics under the extreme environment,we studied the anatomical structure of nutritive organs,such as leaf,stem and root,of H.tibetica (Thoms.) Ostenf by Paraffin section method.The results showed that there were apparent wax layer and cuticle spur on the leave surface and all three nutritive organs had well developed aerenchyma.In addition,2～4 layers of the palisade tissue were observed and were obviously thicker than the sponge tissue.The transaction of root showed “wheel” shape and moreover exhibited clearly belt thickening and developed marrow cavity.Furthermore,epidermal and cortical cells of root and stem had the apparent plasmolysis phenomenon.This species evolved the obviously morphological and anatomical characteristics to adapt to gale,frozen and drought stress in the alpine region.All these special anatomical structures might be the adaption of H.tibetica to the environment in glacier regions.

Abstract:The leaf epidermal micromorphology of twelve species of Scutellaria L.from Xinjiang was investigated under light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM).The results showed that there were various forms of the shape and anticlinal walls of the upper epidermal cells of Scutellaria,but the shape of the lower epidermal cells were all irregular and the anticlinal walls were all sinuate without taxonomic significance.The size,density,index and the inner margin of outer rims of stomatal apparatus and cutin ornamentation and trichomes on both lower epidermal and upper epidermal were all obviously different among different species in genus Scutellaria.There were gland dots on most leaves of Scutellaria,and the size,distribution and density of gland dots were different among different species.These leaf epidermal morphological characters could provide evidence to identify species and study the systematic relationships of taxa of Scutellaria L.

Abstract:To find the variation of growth and photosynthetic traits and discuss the most important assistant factor for breeding selection of Betula platyphylla,6 half-sib families of were taken in the research,we measured and analyzed 24 profiles of the B.platyphylla half-sib families.The analysis of variance calculation show that:(1)There was a remarkable difference in height (H),basic diameter (BD),leaf length (LL),leaf width (LW),leaf number (LN),the ratio of leaf length to width (L/W),net photosynthesis rate (P_n),stomatal conductance (G_s),intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i),transpiration rate (T_r) and water use efficiency (WUE).The coefficients of variation and genetic variation of H,BD,LL,LW,LN,L/W,P_n,G_s,T_r and WUE were more than 10%.(2)There were also exist remarkable difference in the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (F₀,F₀′,F_s,F_v′/F_m′,NPQ) and Yield.Except parameter NPQ,the coefficients of variation and the genetic variation of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were less than 10%.(3)The heritability of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of B.platyphylla half-sib families were higher than 0.4,but the photosynthetic and growth parameters were higher than 0.7,indicating that B.platyphylla half-sib families variation was strongly controlled by genetic factors.(4)The results of phenotypic correlation showed that there were significant positive correlation among the growth traits and WUE,but negative correlation with Yield.Regression analysis results showed that LW and LN were the first two variables introduced for H and BD equations,indicating that LW and LN were very important parameters for B.platyphylla seedling selection and evaluation.

Abstract:A study of the response of sugar content,enzyme activities of sugar metabolism and photosynthetic parameters in leaf of Lycium barbarum under water stress aimed at providing theoretical basis for high-yield planting of this plant in the arid regions.The results showed that:(1)The sucrose and starch contents in leaves were reduced under water stress at the green fruit stage,but their contents increased under light drought at the color fruit stage.The starch content in leaves gradually increased with drought aggravated.(2)The activities of neutral invertase(NI),sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SS) in leaves were gradually reduced under drought stress at the green fruit stage.The activities of acid invertase (AI) and SS were reduced at the color fruit and maturing stages,but the activities of NI was increased at these two stages.(3)With the increasing of drought stress,the leaf net photosynthetic rate (P_n),transpiration rate (T_r) and stomatal conductance (G_s) were gradually lowering.The water use efficiency (WUE) was light drought (LD)＞normal irrigation (CK)＞severe drought (SD)＞moderate drought (MD).It is therefore suggested that light drought can promote the sucrose content and WUE in leaf and transport more photoassimilates to the fruit.

Abstract:Using a white maize(WM) cultivar and a yellow maize(YM) cultivar as the materials,we analyzed the changes in physiological characteristics and activity of plasma membrane(PM) H⁺-ATPase in the two maize cultivars treated with polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) simulation drought stress under hydroponic conditions.The results indicated:(1)Under the treatment conditions of 2%,5% and 10% PEG-6000,with an increase in PEG-6000 concentration and treatment time,an elevation in the water loss rate,a decrease in leaf transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were observed in the two maize cultivars.Under all the same treatment conditions,the water loss rate in WM was less than that in YM,whereas,the reduction in leaf transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of WM were larger than those of YM,indicating that drought tolerant of WM was stronger than that of YM.(2)Under the same PEG-6000 treatment conditions,the leaf soluble protein,soluble sugar and free proline contents in WM were higher than those in YM,suggesting that osmotic regulation capacity of WM was larger than that of YM.(3)In the antioxidant enzyme system,with an increase in PEG-6000 stress concentration,CAT activity in both maize leaves display a decreasing pattern.Under 2% and 5% PEG-6000 stress conditions,the CAT activity in WM leaves was still significantly higher than that in YM leaves,which led to a significant lower H₂O₂ content in WM leaves than that in YM leaves.(4)Under drought stress conditions,the inhibition in the PM H⁺-ATPase phosphorylation level and its interaction with 14-3-3 protein in WM leaves were stronger than those in YM leaves.The PM H⁺-ATPase activity in WM leaves was lower than that in YM leaves.Consequently,the stomata aperture in WM leaves was less than that in YM leaves.Leaf transpiration rate and stomatal conductivity in WM were lower than those in YM leaves.This might be an important mechanism underlying the stronger drought tolerance in WM than that in YM.

Abstract:To discuss the influence of Cl^- for the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of sweet potato seedlings,the author used greenhouse hydroponics method to determine the physiology and biochemistry,and gas exchange data,which was taken by using exogenous chlorine stress (0,42.2,84.4,168.8,211 mmol·L^-1) to test on three samples (‘Xushu 22’,‘Sushu 11’ ,‘Ningzi 1’) for 7,14 and 21 days.The results showed that:(1)The growth rate of leaf area and vine length for sample ‘Xushu 22’ was depressed by using exogenous chlorine,but was able to maintain a certain level.On the contrary,the growth rate of leaf area and vine length for sample ‘Sushu 11’ and ‘Ningzi 1’ were able to maintain an increase in the same condition using the extra Cl^- (concentration of 84.4 mmol·L^-1).Under the use of 42.2 mmol·L^-1,the samples all show higher growth of net photosynthetic rate (P_n) and photosynthetic pigments content.(2)Non-stomatal limitation is the main cause for the decreasing of photosynthesis of sample ‘Xushu 22’.Sample ‘Sushu 11’ and ‘Ningzi 1’ show both non-stomatal limitation and stomatal limitation,which stomatal limitation is the more dominating when samples are under temporary or low concentrated exposure of Cl^-.(3)The Cl^- in the roots of sample seedlings for 21 d are less than for 14 d samples and the SCl from root to earth are higher;‘Xushu 22’ seedlings had lower Cl^- content than ‘Sushu 11’ and ‘Ningzi 1’.Conclusion:low concentration and short-term chlorine treatment benefits sweet potato growth and photosynthesis;At an early stage,the seedlings can effectively restrained the translocation of Cl^- to the aerial part,which is weakened after three weeks under the Cl^- treatment;Chloride stress tolerance showed genotypic variation in sweet potato and ‘Xushu 22’ exhibited higher tolerance.

Abstract:An experiment with shell sand was carried out to study the effects of NaCl stress on the characteristics of photosynthesis in Limonium bicolor.Five different concentrations of NaCl were applied:0,50,100,200,300 mmol/L for 30 d.The results showed as follows:(1)Under 50,100 mmol/L NaCl stress,the net photosynthesis rate (P_n),instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE),apparent light use efficiency (LUE),carboxylation efficiency (CE),light saturation point (LSP),apparent quantum efficiency (AQY) all reached maximum value,which showed Limonium bicolor has a strong ability to adapt to salt stress and light intensity.The most wide ecological amplitude of light was observed.The minimum of light compensation point (LCP) was observed.(2)P_n,WUE,LUE,CE,LSP and AQY decreased,but LCP increased with NaCl stress being 300 mmol/L.The light response curves of P_n,T_r,G_s,WUE,LUE,CE were different from control significantly,which showed that the higher the NaCl stress was,the more sensitive of characteristics of photosynthesis in L.bicolor were about light density.Its ability to use light intensity decreased.The ecological amplitude of light became narrow.The optimal range of PAR for WUE,LUE,CE is different,which is low PAR,middle PAR,high PAR.WUE has the maximum ability to adapt to salt stress,CE second,LUE minimum.

Abstract:Six strains of ectomycorrhizal fungi of Mongol Scotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica Litvin) were obtained through field collecting,isolating,purifying and man-made inoculation experiments two strains,and the laboratory introduced from France which have a wide host range and Cenococcum geophilum of bacteria as the research object.Thirty days emergence seedlings of Mongol Scotch Pine were inoculated by ectomycorrhizal fungi strains using method of root soaking with different types of bacteria agent of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the field.The effects of different single fungus strains on promoting the growth of Mongol Scotch Pine were studied.The results showed that:(1)Five local strains and one France strain in this experiment can promote the growth of Mongol Scotch Pine seedlings.The results of inoculation show that the seedlings inoculated strains best on height,10.5%～111.4% more than control after inoculated 130 days;collar diameter 4.55%～92.8% more than control after inoculated 130 days;the dry weight of seedlings inoculated strains are 6.8%～184.5% more than control after inoculated 130 days.(2)Mycorrhizal biotechnology can raise the resistance to drought of Mongol Scotch Pine seedlings:under the condition of water stress,the chlorophyll content increased in leaf by 5.82%～36.92%;net photosynthesis rate amplified by 3.84%~230.72%,the time of leaf wilting up delayed to 10.3～25 h,the time of seedlings Critical lethal time delayed to 13.8～38.2 h.(3)Seedlings inoculated by strain G-S.g,S.g,the average height,collar diameter,infection rated,dry weight and enhance the drought resistance of seedlings were increased significantly.To sum up,strain G-S.g and strain S.g should be fine strains to seedlings of Mongol Scotch Pine.In conclusion,strain G-S.g and strain G-S.g of ectomycorrhizal fungi solid microbial inoculum can be put in use in promoting the growth of Mongol Scotch Pine seedlings.We concluded that inoculation with EM fungi in chestnut plant can enhance thedrought resistance.

Abstract:Phosphorus,which mainly exists in organ-phosphorus status,can be enriched in seed during the development of soybean.However,there are a few research reports on the effects of storage phosphorus in soybean seed on the growth of soybean seedlings.‘Baxi 10’ (B10) and ‘Bendi 2’ (L2),two kinds of soybean varieties with the differences in seed size and phosphorus efficiency,were used to investigate the status changes during the development of soybean using sand culture with different nutrition solutions.The total phosphorus contents,concentration of soluble phosphorus in main organs and the contents of soluble proteins,acid protease activity,phytase activity in leaves were determined during the seed germination stage to 2nd trifoliate stage in different phosphorus conditions.The results showed that:(1)The phosphorus contents in seeds of B10 and L2 are significantly different.(2)Most phosphorus in the cotyledons were transferred to roots,stems and leaves during the processes of soybean germination and seedling growth,while most phosphorus in the cotyledons was transferred to leaves.The total phosphorus of B10 transferred from cotyledons to other organs was different from that of L2 during the process of soybean germination.(3)The transfer of phosphorus in cotyledons was distinctly influenced by the content of phosphorus solution.The results also showed that there existed in a complementary relation between phosphorus in cotyledons and leaves,and the contents of total phosphorus in organs with phosphorus supply conditions were higher than that under the conditions without phosphorus supply.The acid phosphatase activity of B10 in cotyledons under low phosphorus supply condition was much higher than that under high phosphorus supply condition,while there was no difference of acid phosphatase activity of L2 under low or high phosphorus supply condition.All the results suggested that the storage phosphorus in the cotyledons played important roles in the process of young seedling.

Abstract:Three main forest types,manmade forest,secondary forest,and primary forest,were chosen to study sites in karst calcareous soil of southwest of China.Eighteen sample plots of 20 m×20 m were established based on six representative communities.Soil aggregation samples were collected as different particle sizes and separated by dry sieving and wet sieving.Then,composition of machinery-stable aggregation and water-stable aggregation,distribution of total organic carbon,and organic carbon in aggregation were analyzed.The results showed that:(1)Soil machinery-stable aggregations and water-stable aggregations of three type forests were dominated by >2 mm particle size,and the proportion were 67.93%~81.24% and 30.49%~76.81%,respectively.The proportion of 1~10 mm size in machinery-stable aggregation and water-stable aggregation were 78.18%~88.67% and 43.41%~84.00% respectively.(2)The stability of all particle size aggregates were perfectly.The mean weight diameter (MWD) and the mean geometric diameter (GMD) of machinery-stable aggregations were 4.82~5.77 and 2.87~4.17,respectively;the MWD and GMD of water-stable aggregations were 0.75~2.13and 1.45~2.85.Percentage of aggregation destruction (PAD) of >0.25 mm and >2 mm particle size aggregations were 6.15~20.91 and 2.04~52.79,respectively.(3)There is high organic carbon content in the calcareous soil.The content of total organic carbon,organic carbon contents of machinery-stable aggregation and water-stable aggregation were 17.28~58.85 g/kg,19.12~91.47 g/kg and 17.16~78.86 g/kg,respectively.The content of organic carbon in machinery-stable aggregation were dominated by <2 mm particle size,while these of water-stable aggregates reverse.Organic carbon storage in >2 mm aggregations were the highest in all size fractions of machinery-stable and water-stable aggregation.Therefore,with soil disturbance decreasing along the manmade forest,secondary forest and primary forest,soil aggregation and stability and organic carbon content in calcareous soil showed an upward trend.

Abstract:Regeneration characteristics of three dominant species in a pine-oak mixed forest were conducted in the Qinling Mountains.We analyzed the importance values for seedling and sapling,regeneration dynamics of dominant tree species under different site conditions,including stand density,slope aspect,slope position,and altitude.Our results showed that the stand density,slope aspect,slope position,and altitude had significant effects on the seedling and sapling densities in pine-oak mixed forest.(1)The seedling and sapling densities of Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata and Pinus tabuliformis,respectively,were significantly increased at altitudes of 1 283 m to 1 665 m,whereas the seedling and sapling density decreased significantly at 1 835 m.The seedling and sapling density of P.armandii were significantly higher at altitudes of 1 283 m to 1 835 m.(2)The sapling density of P.armandii and Q.aliena var.acuteserrata decreased gradually from the southwest (20°～75°) in sunny conditions whereas it increased on the shady slopes to the northeast (40°).The seedling densities of three tree species and sapling density of P.tabuliformis increased gradually from the southwest (20°～75°) in sunny conditions and on the shady slopes to the northeast (40°).The seedling densities of Q.aliena var.acuteserrata on the lower slopes were much higher than the middle and upper slopes,whereas the sapling density did not differ.The seedling and sapling density of P.armandii and P.tabuliformis were significantly higher at slopes of lower to upper.The seedling and sapling densities of three tree species increased with the stand density (850 plant·hm^-2 to 1 525 plant·hm^-2) whereas the sapling density was significantly lower in stands (1 900 plant·hm^-2).Thus,enclosing stands on middle altitudes,shady slopes at a moderate density are expected to promote the natural regeneration of pine-oak mixed forest.

Abstract:In order to reveal the phenotypic diversity of different Elymus germplasm,we investigated twenty-two phenotypic traits of thirty-eight populations from eight provinces.Phenotypic variation between and within the populations of Elymus was analyzed by the coefficient of variation and diversity index analysis methods,and the pattern of variation morphological traits and geographical factors were analyzed by correlation analysis.The thirty-eight populations of Elymus were classified by using cluster analysis.The results showed that:(1)The variation coefficients of height from flag leaf to basal spikelet（44.695%）in vegetative organs and spikelet number per panicle（77.005%） in vegetative and reproductive was the hightest,respectively.(2)The overall mean phenotypic diversity index among different species(E.excelsus,E.cylindricus,E.tangutorum and E.sibiricus) was 1.333,ranging from a high of 1.560 in E.dahuricus to 0.920 in E.cylindricus.(3)According to correlation analysis,the elevation,longitude and annual mean temperature have remarkable influence on phenotypic characters.(4)Cluster analysis by twenty-two phenotypic traits showed that the thirty-eight populations of Elymus were divided into four groups.The phenotypic traits are not in the same group by the near geographical distances with cluster analysis.The Elymus germplasm had rich morphological diversity.And they were relevant to habitants.Population integrity is the key determining factor for protection of germplasm resources of Elymus during the collection.

Abstract:In this paper,the research was based on field investigation and indoor specimen identification.The species diversity of Asteraceae in Oasis and Desert of Shihezi was preliminary studied.It shows that:(1)90 species (don’t include the cultivated species) discovered by investigation fall into 45 genera.The number of species is more about Tribe Cichorieae,Tribe Cardueae,Tribe Anthemideae of Asteraceae.Containing 30 genera accounting for 66.7%,67 species accounting for 74.4%;The single species,fewer species is large proportion of flora of the area Asteraceae.They are a total of 42 genera (93.33%),70 species (77.78%).(2)The geographical elements of genera are divided into 8 types and 5 variants,which are dominated by Old World Temperate and variants (35.90%) and Medit.,W.to C.Asia (28.21%).(3)The life forms are divided into 5 styles,which are dominated by hemicryptophytes (27.78%) and therophytes (40%).Meanwhile,ephemeral plants (16.67%),ephemeroid plants (8.89%) and chamaephytes (6.67%) are also important components.The Asteraceae plant habitat is more diverse,which is closely related with reclamation area gradually expanded and interpenetration of farmland and native habitat.

Abstract:In order to improve the differentiation frequency of wheat mature embryo calluses,we studied the effect of low-temperature and plant growth regulator (TDZ,2,4-D,paclobutrazol) pretreatment on wheat mature embryos differentiation.Three Huanghuai winter wheat varieites (or lines) ‘Qianjinzao’,‘Xiaoyan 22’ and ‘Xinong 1013’ were used as materials.The results indicated that low-temperature and plant growth regulator pretreatment have no significant effect on calluses induction,but have significant promotion of callus differentiation frequencies and showed distinct differences among different pretreatments and genotypes.Three genotypes had their highest callus differentiation frequencies of different hours of low temperature pretreatment.‘Xiaoyan 22’ was 6 h,‘Qianjinzao’ was 12 h and ‘Xinong 1013’ showed positive effects when the treatment lasted for 12 to 36 h,the differentiation frequencies were respectively 16.2%,12.8% and 14.2% significant higher than that of control.‘Xinong 1013’,‘Xiaoyan 22’ and ‘Qianjinzao’ were respectively reached their highest callus differentiation frequencies when the TDZ concentration were 5 mg/L,10 mg/L and 20 mg/L,the frequencies were 29.7%,39.1% and 16.7% significant higher than that of control.Three materials all reached their highest differentiation frequencies when 2,4-D was 10 mg/L.‘Xinong 1013’,‘Xiaoyan 22’ and ‘Qianjinzao’ were respectively showed 11.2%,17.3% and 25.2% significant higher than that of control.‘Xiaoyan 22’ reached its highest differentiation frequency when paclobutrazol was 10 mg/L,6.2% significant higher than that of control,‘Xinong 1013’ and ‘Qianjinzao’ reached their highest differentiation frequencies when paclobutrazol was 20 mg/L,respectively 11.6% and 7.2% significant higher than that of control.Thus the low temperature-pretreatment and plant growth regulator can improve differentiation frequencies effectively,and the effect of plant growth regulators (TDZ and 2,4-D) which can prompt plant growth on wheat mature embryos re-differentiation shows higher than that of negative one（paclobutrazol）.

Abstract:In the survey of epiphytic algae on the tree in Shanghai,Chlorokybus,a newly recorded genus in China was observed.The main morphological characters of the newly recorded species of it (Chlorokybus atmophyticus) was described in detail.Based on the discussion of its systematic position,we found that C. atmophyticus was a special algae which played a significant role in the evolution of land plants.We suggest that it should be treated as a separate order-Chlorokybales.

Abstract:Oxytropis viridiflava Kom.and O.caespitosa (Pall.) Pers.are reported as new records to China.O.viridiflava Kom.has been previously known from Mongolia.O.caespitosa (Pall.) Pers.has been previously known from Mongolia and Russia.The voucher specimens are hold in HIMC.

Abstract:The Phalaenopsis flower is special and highly evolved with three petal-like sepals,a labellum or lip(highly modified petal),a gynostemium or column (fusion of the male and female reproductive organs).Otherwise,the ovary development in Phalaenopsis flowers is triggered by pollination.So Phalaenopsis is the ideal material for floral development studies in monocots.Important progress has been made on molecular biology in the flower development of Phalaenopsis.In this review,the progress on the genes that are involved in flowering transition and floral organ development of Phalaenopsis are summarized.Also,the progress on the relationship between B-class genes and evolutionary development of orchid perianth is summarized.These researches indicated the MADS-box genes played important roles in the flowering transition and the floral organ development.It has been suggested that two rounds of DEF(DEFICIENS)-like gene duplications during early orchid evolution might have generated the genes that were probably recruited to distinguish the different types of perianth organs.The deep research of molecular biology in the flower development would greatly improve the flower quality such as flower color improvement and flowering time regulation by genetic engineering and promote molecular breeding process.

Abstract:The classical ABC model successfully illustrated the molecular mechanism of floral development in model species,such as Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum.Then,the ABC model was expanded based on new homeotic genes and mutants of floral organ found in other angiosperms.In this review,the different molecular models of floral organ development and the molecular regulation of homeotic genes are summarized and the prospects in this filed are discussed.This study is helpful for understanding the molecular mechanism and genetic basis of the floral development.