Abstract:For a better understanding of stress responses of Saussurea involucrata Kar.et Kir.,we reported molecular characterization and expression analysis of SiLEA14 gene from the S.involucrata Kar.et Kir.EST data under cold-stress.Sequence analysis showed that the cDNA of SiLEA14 contained a 468 bp ORF encoding a polypeptide of 155 amio acids.NCBI conserved domains analysis showed that SiLEA14 protein was a member of late embryogenesis abundant protein class 2.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that SiLEA14 protein was most closely related to Bupleurum chinense LEA-2 protein.Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that SiLEA14 was constitutively expressed,up-regulated by cold,salt and drought stress quickly.Subcellular localization assay indicated the SiLEA14-GFP fusion prortein was located in the nucleus.A overexpression vector was constructed,and transgenic tobacco plants transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens were obtained.Transgenic plants resistances to freezing and salinity were investigated.The gene function was analyzed via measuring the physiological stress indicators under different osmotic pressures.The results showed SiLEA14 gene can improve tobacco resistance to freezing and salinity.

Abstract:A protein kinase gene (calcineurin B-like proteins-interacting protein kinase,CIPK) was cloned from barely drought resistance variety ‘Ganpi 7’ by RT-PCR technology and named as HvCIPK1(GenBank accession JX679077).The length of the HvCIPK1 cDNA sequence is 1359 bp,and the predicted protein has 452 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 51.05 kD and an isoelectric point of 9.13.The protein contain an N-terminal kinase catalytic domain with a putative activation loop located between the conserved DFG and APE sequences,and the conserved 24-amino acid motif within the C-terminal non-kinase region of the CIPKs.Analysis of the gene expression by quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that the transcripts of HvCIPK1 were up-regulated in young barley leaves after stress treatments of polyethylene glycol,high NaCl and abscisic acid.The study suggested that the HvCIPK1 was involved in multiple stress response pathways in plants,revealing its key role in abiotic stress responses.

Abstract:Glucosinolates are secondary metabolites found mainly in Cruciferae plants.The CYP79 family,belongs to cytochromes P450,had been shown to catalyze the conversion of amino acids to their corresponding oximes in the biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides.In the present study,one of the glucosinolates regulator genes,named as BnCYP79B1 (GenBank JX535391.1) was cloned by homologous cloning from three stains of Brassica napus.The cDNA sequence of its open reading frame (ORF) was as long as 1 625 bp,encoding a putative protein of 541 amino acid residues with a theoretical isoelectric point of 8.88.Sequence comparison with Brassica oleracea var.botrytis CYP79B1 showed that,BnCYP79B1 gene had 98.83% similarity of nucleotide sequence and 99.26% similarity of the amino acid sequence.Three different lines,w678 (high-stemed and high glucosinolates content in seed),w673 (high-stemed and low glucosinolates content in seed),and w578 (dwarf mutant with high glucosinolates content in seed),were estimated for BnCYP79B1 expression by real-time quantitative PCR analysis.The results showed that:BnCYP79B1 gene mainly expressed in roots of w678 and in leaves of w578,but with the highest expression of BnCYP79B1 in w678.In conclusion,wild-type line had higher BnCYP79B1 expression level than the dwarf mutant,and also the high glucosinolates content line had rather higher BnCYP79B1 expression level than the low glucosinolates content line.

Abstract:An cDNA fragment was isolated from Halostachys caspica by suppression subtractive hybridization and its full-length cDNA with 2 090 bp was cloned by SMART^TM RACE,which consisted of a 1 635 bp open reading frame encoding 544 amimo acids with molecular weight of 61.503 kD and an isoelectric point of 6.1,a 294 bp 5′-UTR and 161 bp 3′-UTR.The deduced amino acid sequence got together with that of GRAS family protein VvSCL13 from Vitis vinifera and had a C-terminal conserved domain,so it was named HcSCL13 gene (GenBank accession number KC68640).Real-time PCR method was performed to investigate the expression profile of HcSCL13 gene under salt stress.HcSCL13 showed up-regulated expression patterns under salt treatment.Based on our results,we concluded that HcSCL13 gene might be involved in salt response and one of important components for the salt tolerant pathway in H.caspica.

Abstract:The endangered species,Urophysa rockii Ulbr.(Ranunculaceae),is endemic to China,with only approximately 2000 individuals confined in the upper reaches of the Fujiang River in Jiangyou City.ISSR PCR (14 primers) was used to assess the genetic variability within and among four extant populations of this species.(1)The results revealed a high level of genetic diversity of U.rockii at species level:percentage of polymorphic loci PPB=97.86%;Nei’s gene diversity (H) 0.306 9;Shannon’s information index (H_sp) 0.466 3.However,there existed little lower genetic variation at population level:PPB=63.22%,H=0.196 2,and Shannon’s information index (H_pop)=0.271 1.(2)A low level of genetic differentiation among populations was detected in U.rockii (0.341 2,0.295 2 and 0.42 for AMOVE,Nei’s genetic coefficient of differentiation (G_st) and Shannon’s diversity index),which may result from out-breeding.(3)There was a significant correlation between genetic and geographic distance among the populations studied.The results indicated that the influence of human activity and habitat fragment may play a prominent role in creating this species’ current endangered status.Based on these results,strategies are proposed for the genetic conservation and management of U.rockii.

Abstract:The genetic diversity of 10 populations of Lilium sargentiae in Yunnan Province was analyzed by phenotypic traits and inter-simple sequence repeat markers (ISSR).(1)The F values of 7 traits were from 3.26 to 19.1,which showed significant or quite significant differentiation among populations.The mean phenotypic differentiation coefficient of the 7 traits was 71.22%,and the variation among populations was higher than that within population,which indicated that the variance among populations was the main part of the phenotypic variation.(2)A total of 248 polymorphic loci were detected from 10 populations by 13 primers.The polymorphism rate was 98.80%,Nei’s gene diversity index and Shannon diversity index were 0.265 5 and 0.413 1,respectively.The gene diversity within population (H_s) was 0.175 7,and the genetic differentiation coefficient (G_st) among populations was 0.336 7.The Mantel’s test showed that there was significant correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance (r=0.804 4,P=0.009 9).The results indicated that L.sargentiae had a high level of genetic diversity at both phenotypic and molecular levels.The significant genetic differentiation existed among populations,which had obvious regional characteristics.The Ex-situ conservation was an effective method to protect L.sargentiae.

Abstract:In this study,we examined the chromosomes numbers and karyotypes of 11 populations of Allium wallichii Kunth from the northwest and central region of Yunnan.(1)Triploid individuals were found in two tetraploid populations which grew near diploid populations.The karyotypes were 2n=3x=21=[6m(2sat)+8sm]+(3m+4sm) and 2n=3x=21=[4m(2sat)+10sm]+(2m+4sm+lst),respectively.(2)Hexaploid seeds were found in tetraploid population for the first time.The karyotype were 2n=6x=42=15m(3sat)+27sm.(3)Considering the karyotypes and cytogeographic information,it can be inferred that the triploid was formed via hybrid between diploid and tetraploid,while fusion of an unreduced tetraploid gamete（n=4x=28） with a reduced diploid gamete（n=2x=14） formed hexaploid.Our results supported that A.wallichii Kunth originated in the high elevation region of northwest Yunnan.In addition,combining both previous studies and our present results,we discussed the possible mechanisms of polyploidy formation in A.wallichii Kunth.

Abstract:Karyotypes and evolutionary trend of 32 Polygonum multiflorum germplasm resources were studied via squash method.The results showed that:(1)The ploidy levels were divided into diploid (2n=2x=22) and triploid (2n=3x=33).Asymmetry index As.K% and AI value ranged from 51.85% to 61.52% and from 0.37 to 1.40,respectively.The karyotypes of all the test materials consisted of “m” and “sm” chromosomes,which include “1A”,“1B” and “2A”.The results indicated that the evolutionary degree of P.multiflorum was relatively low.(2)53.13% germplasms were triploid in 32 germplasm resources,which showed that polyploidization played an important role in the evolution of P.multiflorum.However,chromosome structural variation was one of the most important evolutionary ways.(3)Chromosomal morphological change of 32 germplasms resources was divergent and evolutionary degree was not consistent.The results showed that the existence of different ploidy levels is associated with the different habitats.(4)The primal centre of origin of P.multiflorum may be in the high latitudes,the chromosomal morphology and structures varied gradually when P.multiflorum migrated to low latitudes.

Abstract:Microstructure and ultrastructure observasion of primary root development in Arabidopsis thaliana with MG132 treatment were carried out using optical and electron microscope.(1)The differential interference contrast (DIC) observation indicated that MG132 induced cytosolic vacuolization in root cells in a dose-dependent manner.(2)Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining indicated that MG132-induced vacuoles were filled with proteins.(3)Immunofluorescence labeling with anti-ubiquitin antibody reveled the accumulation of the ubiquitinated proteins in vacuoles,suggesting a promotion of autophagic vacuolization in response to proteasome malfunction.(4)TEM observation confirmed the formation of autolysosomes in root cells.In summary,our result revealed the promotion of autophagy-derived vacuolization in response to proteasome malfunction,thus provide a new evidences of the functional link between the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway and autophagic vacuolization.

Abstract:Gametophyte development of a xeric fern was less studied.In present investigation,the gametophyte development of a xeric fern,Gymnopteris vestita was studied using light microscopy.Spores,trilete and brown when matures,germinate at about 10～15 d after sowing.The spore germination pattern is the Vittaria-type.The prothallial cell firstly develops into the uniseriate filaments.And the subsequent development differs greatly from the non-xeric ferns.The most obvious feature of the gametophyte development is producing abundant branches.In most cases,the filaments can produce filamentous branches by longitudinal divisions of the basal cells of the uniseriate filaments.These branches may further branch several times.The terminal end of the branches can form plates.And these plates can also produce filaments or plates.Finally,the gametophytes form cluster colony.In a few cases,the uniseriate filament forms plate directly.However,the plates do not develop into prothallus,but form plenty of filamentous branches.At the cluster stage,numerous antheridia occur in the filaments and surface of the plate.No archegonia are discovered at artificial culture condition.The vegetative growth of the gametophyte last a long time if the culture conditions was suitable.New filaments form continually from the old plates.Apogamous sporophytes are discovered in the large heart-shaped prothallus,which always lie in the outside of the cluster.The features of gametophyte development of G.vestita,including the multi-branched clusters,flourishing vegetative growth of the gametophytes,and apogamy,suggest a xeric adaptation to the reproduction of the ferm G.vestita.

Abstract:With Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) Schult.as a control,we researched the characteristics of leaf lower epidermis for species which traditionally belonging to three subfamilies of Apocynaceae under SEM.（1）The characteristics of leaf lower epidermis were diverse in some degree for 25 species of Apocynaceae.Trichomes occurred in some species.Filamentous waxy occurred in cuticula surface of some species;Stomata size were different too;The shape of the outer and the inner stomata ledge have been divided into comparatively smooth and sinuolate types;The shapes of polar regions of stomatal guard cells have two types with T- thicker and non-T-thickening types;The joint cells between the outer stomatal ledge and epidermis could be divided into depression and continuous types.These characteristics of the leaf epidermis have important reference value for the classification of intergeneric and interspecific even difficult taxa in Apocynaceae.（2）They were similar in leaf epidermis stomatal types,the shape of the outer and the inner stomata ledge for most 25 species of Apocynaceae,but it existed higher diversity in decoration of lower epidermis and outer stomatal cuticle which have much difference in intergeneric and interspecific species.（3） The highly degree of similarity in the shapes of stomata,stomatal outer cuticle characteristics and the outer stomata ledge between G.sylvestre and W.calophylla was observed,and it could be deduced that they may have close relationship between the two species.The position of plant systematics for some species of Asclepiadaceae and Apocynaceae should be implemented further research.（4）The results of this research supported the viewpoints that genus of Hunteria should be separated from Trib.Melodineae as a single Trib.,and genus of Cerbera separated from Trib.Rauvolfieae.But it could not supported the viewpoint that Alstonia scholaris and Winchia calophylla were belonged to genus of Alstonia in new classification method.

Abstract:The cuttings of Amur grape varieties (Zuoshaner) were treated with different concentrations of NaCl(0,0.1%,0.3%,0.5%),and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the cuttings were determined in 20th day after salt stress.The ultrastructure of the leaves were observed in 25th day under 0 (CK) and 0.3% NaCl treatments to study the mechanism of salt tolerance in Amur grape.The results showed that:(1)At middle salt level (0.3%) or high salt level (0.5%) the minimal fluorescence (F₀) increased significantly,while the photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m),potential activities of PSⅡ(F_v/F₀),photochemical quenching coefficient (q_P),actual photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ(Φ_PSⅡ),non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) and electron transport rate (ETR) all decreased significantly under the two stress conditions.The results suggested that the reaction center of photosystem Ⅱand the electron transport at the acceptor side were probably damaged,and the capacity of lose excess excitation energy through the heat dissipation was decreased.(2)Compared with CK,the ultrastructure of chloroplast had significantly changed under moderate stress.The shape was shortened and round,big starch grain disappeared,plasmolysis was appeared apparently,grana and stroma lamella were obscured.The capsule was damaged or disintegrated and the plastoglobulus in chloroplast increased.The ultrastructural observation showed that the morphological structure of chloroplast was seriously damaged.（3）It was observed that mitochondrial cristae of Amur grape arranged in disorder and mitochondrial membrane were obscured or dissolved,but had no obvious fracture phenomena under salt stress.The results indicated that mitochondria was harmed lightly and it was relatively insensitive to NaCl compared with chloroplast.（4）The nuclear morphometry was changed under salt stress.The nuclear membrane was dissolved or disappeared,but not completely disintegrated and it revealed the damage of nuclear caused by salt stress.

Abstract:In order to study elucidate the relationship between fertility development and endogenous hormones in thermo-photo-sensitive male sterile wheat line BNS,we toke leaves,young panicles and anthers from BNS fertile plants and sterile plants as experimental materials (fresh weight) in this study and they were collected through the stage of pistil and stamen differentiation (Ⅰ) to the trinuclear stage (Ⅵ).And the contents of auxin,abscisic acid and gibberellin in leaves,young panicles and anthers from sterile and fertile lines were detected using indirect ELISA methods.The results are as follows:(1)As the sterile line development,the hormones changes were different from those in fertile line.The IAA contents in sterile and sterile lines were 33~95 ng/g and 57~112 ng/g respectively through the development stages.The IAA contents in ferile line were lower than those in fertile line (P<0.05).The contents of ABA and GA in sterile line displayed irregular changes compared with those in fertile line.The contents of ABA and GA in sterile line were 48~129 ng/g and 3~14 ng/g respectively in sterile line,and those in fertile were 77~132 ng/g and 4~11 ng/g,respectively.(2)At pistil and stamen differentiation stage,the contents of IAA and GA in young panicles from sterile line were 33.85 ng/g and 7.13 ng/g,and those from the fertile line were 50.55 ng/g and 11.84 ng/g,respectively.The contents of the respective hormones from different lines were highly significant differences (P<0.01).(3)Through the development stages,the ratios of IAA/ABA,IAA/GA and ABA/GA in sterile line were 0.4~1.1,4.3~15 and 7~20 respectively,and those in fertile were 0.5~0.9,4.3~11.5 and 7.3~13 respectively.Compared with those in fertile line,the ratios of hormones in sterile line displayed more changeable and were be out of proportion through the developmental stages.These results indicated the unbalanced ratios of hormones might be one of the causes that lead to male sterility,more specially,the decreased levels of IAA and GA in pistil and stamen differentiation stage might promote the occurrence of male sterility in BNS.

Abstract:In order to study the physiological characters and the correlation between endogenous GA,IAA and growth of tomato seedling,we used light-emitting diode (LED) as light source and with fluorescent light as control.Four different monochromatic light(red light,blue light,yellow light and green light) were set as experimental treatments.The results showed that:(1)Seedlings under red light and blue light had longer stem and larger leaf area.(2)Except from the soluble sugar content and the activity of SOD of seedling under blue light,the root activity,pigment content,soluble sugar and soluble protein content of seedling under other monochromatic light treatments were all lower than the control treatment.(3)Compared with the control treatment,the GA level of seedling leaf in other treatments reduced dramatically.The IAA level of leaf under red light increased dramatically and reduced significantly under yellow light and green light.Positive correlation existed between IAA level of leaf and leaf area.(4)The GA and IAA level were both significantly higher under red light and blue light than that of the control,yellow light and green light.Positive correlation existed between IAA level of stem and stem length,also between GA level of stem and stem length.

Abstract:The ‘Nanguo’ pears were packed with plastic bags (0.02 mm) after being fumigated for 20 h with 0.75 μL/L 1-MCP (1-Methylcyclopropene) or with plastic bags (0.04 mm) after filled with 2% CO₂ and cold storage (0±1 ℃) for 5 months,then stored at ambient temperature（18 ℃±3 ℃） for investigation.The browning index,mitochondria protein content,MDA content and ATP content were determined in order to study the effect of 1-MCP and CO₂ on pear fruits energy metabolism characteristics during the shelf life after cold storage.The results show that:(1)Both 1-MCP and CO₂ treatments can delayed the core browning index and browning degree differently,and the 1-MCP was better than CO₂;(2)Both 1-MCP and CO₂ treatments helps to retarded the increase of MDA and membrane permeability,holds the integrity of membrane;(3)1-MCP treatment helps to increase the content of mitochondria protein during the prophase of shelf life.1-MCP treatment can also remain high ATP content and energy charge level in postphase of shelf life.And filled with CO₂ treatment can keep a high level of ATP content and energy charge in prophase of shelf life.It is suggested that both 1-MCP and filled with CO₂ can adjusted the postharvest senescence process through effect the energy metabolism characteristics.In this study,the effectiveness of 1-MCP treatment is better than filled with CO₂ on inhibited the core browning and kept the integrity of membrane.

Abstract:6-methyl-5-heptene-2 ketone (MHO) induced apple skin disease incidence and the skin effects of reactive oxygen species metabolism were investigated.Red Star apples of cold storage for 210 d were treated with 0.5,1.0 and 2.0 mL/L exogenous MHO.The content of endogenous MHO was after 10 d under 25 ℃,the malondialdehyde and superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide contents in skin,and polyphenol oxidase,superoxide dismutase,catalase,peroxidaseenzyme activities were measured on a regular basis during the shelf life..Results showed that with the increase of MHO treatment concentration,the contents of malondialdehyde and superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide in apple peel increased;Polyphenol oxidase activity gradually increased,superoxide dismutase,catalase,peroxidaseenzyme activities decreased with the increase of MHO treatment concentration;The endogenous MHO content increased and the incidence of skin disease of fruit also increased with the increase of MHO treatment concentration.So that exogenous MHO may reduce the onset of antioxidant enzyme activities to participate in apple skin disease process.

Abstract:The response of reactive oxygen generation and scavenging has been studied in the leaves of annual Robinia pseudoacacia seedlings under manipulated nitrogen fertilizer and water supply.The results showed that:(1)At a constant nitrogen level,reduction of soil moisture decreased the content of total biomass and photosynthetic pigments ,elevated levels of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂);also with lessened water supply,the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD),peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) in antioxidant enzyme system all reduced;while contents of ascorbic acid (ASA) and glutathione (GSH) in antioxidant both increased;MDA content increased gradually and companying the relative conductivity significantly increased.(2)Then under the same water supply condition,improved soil nitrogen levels dramatically increased photosynthetic pigment content as well as the total biomass but significantly reduced the H₂O₂ content;it also enhanced the activities of SOD,POD,and CAT to different degrees;still with more available nitrogen,ASA content and GSH content declined,respectively;the content of MDA and the relative conductivity showed a reduction.In conclusion,the increasing of soil nitrogen content could significantly improve the content of photosynthetic pigments and inhibit the generation of reactive oxygen;it also increase the total biomass,enhance the activities of antioxidant enzymes to a certain extent,reduce the degree of cell membrane-lipid peroxidation.These responses are helpful to alleviate the drought-induced injury to the plants.

Abstract:A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the photosynthesis physiological characteristics of Dalbergia odorifera seedlings under water stress.Four treatments were arranged:control(CK),light water stress(LS),moderate water stress(MS) and heavy water stress(HS).The results showed that:(1)Total chlorophyll content of seedlings decreased with the drought stress increased.(2)The net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,intercellular CO₂ concentration and transpiration increased under light drought stress and decreased under heavy drought stress.The stomatal conductance and intercellular CO₂ concentration decreased together at moderate water stress and heavy water stress,which indicated that the decline of photosynthetic capacity was caused by stomatal restriction.(3)The leaf membrane permeability,MDA content,proline content and POD activity increased with the drought stress increased,SOD and CAT activities were tended to increase and then decrease.The protective enzyme activities increased at moderate water stress while decreased at heavy water stress which indicated that drought tolerance of D.odorifera seedlings was limited.

Abstract:Soil pot experiment was used to investigate the accumulation and distribution of cobalt in rape (Brassica napus L.) and the effects of cobalt on the photosynthesis of rape leaves.Rape seedlings at the six-leaf stage were treated with different concentration cobalt (0,10,25,50,100 mg·kg^-1),and the cobalt content in roots,stems and leaves,pigment content,photosynthetic gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of leaf were investigated on the 7th day after the cobalt treatment.The results showed that:(1)The roots,stems,leaves of rape could absorb and accumulate a certain amount of cobalt,and rape cobalt content and soil cobalt content was a significant positive correlation;there were significant differences in cobalt distribution between the different organs,and the distribution law of cobalt content in rape was:roots>stems>leaves,and old leaves>young leaves.(2)When the soil cobalt content is 10 mg·kg^-1,compared with the control,both of the pigment content of leaf,net photosynthetic rate (P_n),stomatal conductance (G_s),intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i),transpiration rate (T_r) significantly increased,after that with the increase of cobalt concentration all of the parameters were significantly decreased,it showed that low concentrations of cobalt could promote the photosynthesis of rape and high concentrations of cobalt significantly inhibit the photosynthesis of rape.(3)Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis showed that the cobalt significantly affected the structure and function of photosystem Ⅱ (PSⅡ) in rape leaves,and high concentrations of cobalt significantly inhibited the activity of the PSⅡ reaction center.

Abstract:Water physiology and drought-tolerance of Calligonum arborescens,Tamarix ramosissima and Haloxylon ammodendron under drought stress were studied in Taklimakan Desert Highway shelterbelt.Results are as follows:(1)Water potential of 3 kinds seedling was decreased with the increase of drought stress.The biggest drop of water potential were in the second cycle of drought treatment,while in the third cycle of drought,water potential had a greater recovery.C.arborescens had the highest water potential,Haloxylon the lowest.(2)PV water parameters of C.arborescens were decreased with the increase of drought.The osmotic potential in the third cycle of drought began to rise,and the initial plasmolysis relative water content (RWC_tlp) showed a decreasing trend.AWC presented a “down-up-down” fluctuating.Drought tolerance of C.arborescens had little change with drought enhanced,it is mainly by reducing water loss adapt to arid environments.(3)T.ramosissima water parameters of PV are little difference between Ⅰ and Ⅱ,but plants withered in the first 60 days treatment Ⅲ.There is little difference in PV water parameters of T.ramosissima between Ⅰ and Ⅱ,treatment Ⅲ first 60 day on dry death.Its Ψ_sat and Ψ_tlp reduced in the first period of drought,recovered in the second period,but its apoplastic water content (AWC) was constantly increasing.Drought tolerance of T.ramosissima reduced drastically with enhanced drought,so it is the worst to drought tolerance.It is mainly adapted to arid environments through increased water loss.(4)Ψ_sat and Ψ_tlp of Haloxylon were close between Ⅱ and Ⅲ and were lower than Ⅰ.RWC_tlp and AWC were increased with the enhanced of drought.AWC of Haloxylon of Ⅱ and Ⅲ were higher than Ⅰduring the same period.Drought tolerance of Haloxylon was enhanced with drought been exacerbated.It coped with drought stress by increasing body water content and reducing water loss.(5)Drought tolerance of three plants is:Haloxylon>C.arborescens>T.ramosissima,so the most suitable desert shelterbelt species is Haloxylon.

Abstract:The main purpose of this study is to examine the fluctuation characteristics of natural Populus euphratica community.Field data were obtained by tally with contiguous grid quadrat method.Investigated contents include the community structure,dominant species,and the height structure,growth vigor and diameter structure of P.euphratica.Finally,the population structure and distribution pattern of P.euphratica in desert riparian forest were discussed on the basis of theoretical distributing model and assembling intensity index.The results shows:(1)The DBH class allocation of the P.euphratica populations mainly concentrated on the middle DBH class;Ⅲ～Ⅴ class was 66.62%;the seedling and young tree are insufficient; Ⅰ～Ⅱ class was 28.83% and Ⅵ class was 4.55%;the population spatial structure were not of integrity.It indicated that population show a decline stage in the early.The survivorship curve of the population conformed to the type of Deevey Ⅰ.(2)The height class structure of P.euphratica population had little difference,with range of 21.60%～31.07%,which belonged to growth-oriented population in the upper reaches of Trim River.The diameter class structure showed approximately normal distribution,which shows that the overall population is steadily increasing in middle reaches of Tarim River.The height class structure had great difference,with range of 12.50%～51.14%,the distribution of the diameter class was shown as a negatively skewed distribution,which belonged to stable type population.(3)The ground survey analysis indicated that P.euphratica distribution pattern shows aggregated distribution in the mainstream of the Tarim River,the aggregation intensity was different at various distance away from the river.P.euphratica was aggregated distribution in different stages and the aggregation intensity was different.The variations in spatial distribution patterns of populations in different habitats and at different growth stages were closely related to the biological and ecological characteristics of the species.

Abstract:Bryological field investigations were carried out in the 6 nature reserves of Southern Greater Khingan Mountains during 2009~2012.We collected and identified approximately 1 800 specimens,then calculated and analyzed bryological composition and floristic characteristics of this area;similarity coefficient and euclidean distance of 10 mountains;the diversity index,the species richness,the evenness index and dominance index of 8 kinds of habitat.Our objectives were to provide basic data for construction and management of nature reserve.The results showed that:(1)There were a total of 330 species (including 15 varieties,2 forms and 1 subspecies) of bryophytes belonging to 134 genera and 48 families,among which there were 38 species and 1 varieties of liverworts belonging to 21 genera and 16 families and 274 species,14 varieties,2 forms and 1 subspecies of mosses belonging to 113 genera and 32 families in the 6 nature reserves of Southern Greater Khingan Mountains.(2)Reported 4 species new records of China (Grimmia longirostris Hook.,Schistidium lancifolium (Kindb.) Blom.,Bryum laevifilum Syed.,Homomallium adnatum (Hedw.) Broth.and 12 species new to this area.(3)Dominant families (e.g.Pottiaceae) in this area are adapted to arid habitats.The statistical analysis of the flora elements indicates that it has an absolutely dominant majority of north temperate elements and a proportion of East Asian elements,numbering 60.79% and 16.19%.(4)The region had the highest similarity with Northern Yanshan Mountains and Northern Greater Khingan Mountains;changes of the habitat conditions have certain effect on bryophytes diversity,which is the highest in wet soil habitat and wet rock habitat,the lowest in aquatic habitat.The study reflects that the bryoflora of Southern Greater Khingan Mountains is a transitional zone connecting North China region,North-Eastern China region,Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang region and Yinshan area;compared with Northern Yanshan Mountains and Northern Greater Khingan Mountains,forest density and humidity caused less distribution of the ground vegetation of this area.We suggest that nature reserve should be established in this area to protect transitional ecosystem of forest and grassland,establishing nature reserve also plays an important role in protecting wildlife groups and reproduction of rare and endangered species.

Abstract:A triterpenoid saponin was isolated from the pod of Gleditsia sinensis Lam.by ethanol extraction and silica gel column chromatography,and was identified by TLC,mp,IR,MS,₁H-NMR and ₁₃C-NMR.Its structure was determined to be 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-（1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-（1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-（1→3)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-（1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1→2)-[（6S),（2E)-6-hydroxy-2,6-dimethy-2,7-octadienoyl-（1→3)and （6′S),（2′E)-6′-hydroxy-2′,6′-dimethy-2′,7′-octadienoyl-（1→6)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester.The acute toxicity experiment indicated that the tolerance dose to mouse was 160～400 mg/kg through mouth,and LD₅₀ was 249.52 mg/kg,with the 95% confidence limit of 224.81～276.95 mg/kg.Its toxicity to mice is greater than that of gleditsioside A.The research results show that the gleditsioside O is the main active ingredient in rat-killing.

Abstract:With diploid non-heading chinese cabbage ‘Yiling’ as material,0.2% colchicines was dropped in growth point of cotyledon stage.We studied non-heading Chinese cabbage response on colchicine induced and dynamic change in morphology.The results showed that:(1)‘Yiling’ response on colchicine induced is that variation of leaf appear in the first four leaves of seedling stage.After 15 days of treatment,we observed three response types:disc character,bean character and coliform character.After 30 days of treatment,disc character,bean character and coliform character is developed macro-scoop character,flower character and conical character respectively.(2)The above six response types have different degrees of inhibition of seedling stage:disc character＞bean character＞coliform character,flower character＞macro-scoop character＞conical character;the variation characteristic leaf wilting and died gradually,other variation leaves grow normally.(3) disc character,bean character,coliform character,macro-scoop character,flower character and conical character,Rate of tetraploid of six responsed types above is 50.00%,41.67%,25.00%,16.67%,8.33% and 0.00%,repectively,disc character and bean character should be used for early screening.

Abstract:During editing,we often find the tables,which have the complex data,logic confusion,unclear expression and occupied the printed pages.To accurately,concisely and reasonably express the information data,we adjusted the line and row of table,merged and split the tables of scientific papers,made an convert with the words and the tables.All of that reflect the optimization effect for the forms by editing efforts.

Abstract:This paper presents a taxonomic study of Hedysarum petrovii (Leguminosae) and some related species based on field observations,examining of herbarium specimens and leaflet venation.The results showed that:Relatively stable differences between H.petrovii and its related species are shown by the morphology of floral organs.H.petrovii differs from H.brachypterum by having bractlets 1~2 times as long as calyx tube,standard as long as keels,while the latter has bractlets 0.5~0.8 times as long as calyx tube,standard 0.8 times as long as keels.H.petrovii differs from H.gmelinii and H.ferganense by having wings 0.3~0.5 times as long as keels,while the latter two both have wings 0.7~0.8 times as long as keels.Leaflet of H.petrovii has a venation with weak primary vein,unbranched secondary veins,many reticulated tertiary veins outside secondary vein loops,and with or without compound intersecondary veins,which is similar to that of H.brachypterum and H.gmelinii.Whereas the leaflet of H.ferganense has a venation with stout primary vein,many branched secondary veins,a little reticulated tertiary veins outside secondary vein loops,and with visibly simple intersecondary veins.Additionally,characters of leaflet venation may be informative on the discussion of intersectional relationship of the genus Hedysarum.

Abstract:Four genera and eight species are reported as new records of spermatophyte flora to Qinling Mountain.4 newly recorded genera are Pollia Thunb.,Eulophia R.Br.ex Lindl.,Dichroa Lour.and Ceropegia Linn..8 newly recorded species are Pollia miranda (Lévl.) Hara (Commelinaceae),Eulophia dabia (D.Don) Hochr.(Orchidaceae),Dichroa febrifuga Lour.(Saxifragaceae),Apios carnea (Wall.) Benth.ex Baker (Leguminosae),Gardneria lanceolata Rehd.et Wils.(Loganiaceae),Swertia nervosa (G.Don) Wall.ex C.B.Clarke (Gentianaceae),Thladiantha henryi Hemsl.var.henryi (Cucurbitaceae) and Ceropegia paohsingensis Tsiang et P.T.Li (Asclepiadaceae).

Abstract:Elatostema hookerianum Wedd.(Urticaceae) and E.longistipulum Hand.-Mazz.as two newly recorded species to Guizhou Province,China,and E.xichouense W.T.Wang as a newly recorded species to Hunan Province,China,are reported in this paper.

Abstract:The type (holotype,lectotype,or neotype) of a name of a species or infraspecific taxon is either a single specimen conserved in one herbarium or other collection or institution,or an illustration,is that element to which the name of a taxon is permanently attached,whether as the correct name or as a synonym.In type specimens housed at the Herbarium (PE),Institute of Botany,the Chinese Academy of Sciences,the types of nine names,Monachosorum kweichowense R.C.Ching (Monachosoraceae),Arthromeris notabilis R.C.Ching (Polypodiaceae),Polypodium morsei R.C.Ching (Polypodiaceae),Microsorium ovalifolium R.C.Ching & S.K.Wu (Polypodiaceae),Pyrrosia oblonga R.C.Ching (Polypodiaceae),Pteris omeiensis R.C.Ching (Pteridaceae),Thelypteris brunnea (Wall.) R.C.Ching var.pallida R.C.Ching (Thelypteridaceae),Vittaria forrestiana R.C.Ching (Vittariaceae) and Vittaria ophiopogonoides R.C.Ching (Vittariaceae),of Chinese taxa in Pteridophyta are found to be syntypes under Article 9.5,and 40.2 Note 1 and Example 2 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Melbourne Code).According to Article 8.1,9.11 and 9.12,and Recommendation 9A.2 and 9A.3,lectotypes for these nine names are designated here.

Abstract:Tibetan Plateau (TP) and adjacent regions have the most diverse of alpine plants in the world.The phylogeography of alpine plants in this region could explain the relationship between their demographic history with TP uplift and Quaternary glaciation.Base on the phylogeographic researches of 36 alpine plants in the published literatures,two generalized phylogeographic patterns were concluded:(1)Glacial retreat and subsequent recolonization of the platform from peripheral glacial refugia;(2)Existence of cryptic (or micro-) refugia outside the major glacial refugia,resulted from geographical isolation,followed local expansion during postglacials.The rapid TP uplift promoted intraspecific divergence and allopatric speciation within the late Tertiary,the followed periodic climate fluctuations accelerated the situation.These are the main reasons for shaping the modern phylogeographic patterns.Additionally,Hengduan Mountains as the major glacial refugia,have important implications for Evolutionary Biology and Conservation Biology.At last,several research fields of phylogeography of alpine plant in TP were provided,including species selection,sampling strategy,gene fragment selection and methods.

Abstract:The newest progress for the last decade in the research on production of taxol by plant cell engineering was reviewed,including establishment of Taxus cell line,culture conditions of suspension culture,bioreactor culture and regulation of taxol production in cell suspension system.Effects of addition of precursors、inhibitors and elicitors on taxol production were reviewed emphatically.