Abstract:The full-length cDNA of a cold-induced CBF gene was cloned from tea (Camellia sinensis),and designated as CsCBF1( GenBank accession No.EU563238) by RACE method.The cDNA was 1 211 bp in length,and contained an open reading frame encoding 259 amino acids.Amino acid sequence alignment showed that CsCBF1 contained all typical conserved motifs of CBF family.CsCBF1 protein was very similar in amino acid sequence to CBFs from other plant species,and showing 56%,63% and 56% amino acid sequence identity to CBFs from Arabidopsis thaliana,Capsicum annuum,and Hevea brasiliensis,respectively.Subcellular location assay indicated that CsCBF1-GFP fusion protein was located in nucleus.When ten deletion mutants of CsCBF1 were fused in-frame to the yeast GAL4 DNA-binding domain,its carboxyl-terminal acidic region (from 137^th amino acid to 259^th amino acid) could activate the transcription in yeast.Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that CsCBF1 was induced quickly by low temperature.

Abstract:A full-length cDNA encoding late embriogenesis abundant protein (LEA) named Gp-LEA,was cloned from Grimmia pilifera through the method of rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE).The full length of this gene was 814 bp,and contained a 456 bp open reading frame which encoded a protein containing 151 amino acids.The result of bioinformatics showed that this protein was a stable protein with a function domain-LEA_2,which molecular weight was 16.612 kD and theoretical pI was 5.06,and it was not a transmembrane protein and had no signal peptide.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that this gene had the closest genetic relationship with that of Pseudotsuga menziesii.The quantitative RT-PCR results suggested that the expression of Gp-LEA gene was induced in both rehydration and dehydration,and this gene might play an important role in the two processes.

Abstract:cDNA library was constructed from the red Phalaenopsis petals by SMARTer technique.The F3′H unigene in Phalaenopsis was obtained through analyzing the EST sequences from library and it was analyzed using bioinformatics.At last,the expression patterns of F3′H in red and yellow Phalaenopsis petals were analyzed using real-time PCR.The results indicated that:(1)The recombinant percentage of the library was determined as 100.0% by random screening 24 clones.Among these clones,there were 22 inserts that were longer than 750 bp,up to 91.7%.(2)The amino acid sequence encoded by PhF3′H obtained from the library had a high identity with that of Dahlia pinnata (ADB_77826.1),Tricyrtis hirta (BAH_22519.1) and other ornamental plants.(3)The result of RT-PCR showed that PhF3′H expression abundance of red Phalaenopsis was about 19 times than that of the yellow Phalaenopsis,which proved that the gene plays an important role in the accumulation of anthocyanins in Phalaenopsis.In brief,the results will provide a theoretical basis to Phalaenopsis gene mining and color breeding.

Abstract:A MADS-box gene was isolated from the petal of Sedirea japonica by using RT-PCR and RACE approaches and the gene was named AP1-like（The accession number in GenBank：JQ776636）.The full length cDNA of AP1-like is 1 221 bp,with an ORF of 753 bp encoding 250 putative amino acid residues.Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analyses showed that AP1-like is close to ORAP11 from Phalaenopsis amabilis with an 96% sequence similarity.This protein is hydrophilic and contains 53.60% α-helical domains,7.20% extended strand,39.20% random coil.The expression was analyzed by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and this gene was expressed in different parts in different periods,but expression abundance was different.In roots and leaves,the highest amount of expression was observed during full-bloom stage,In the reproductive organs,the highest expression level of AP1-like was detected in scapes,followed by in buds during the bud period.The expression level of AP1-like in scapes showed higher than that in ovaries and columns during full-bloom period.The expression of AP1-like in sepals and petals and lips showed the lowest level.The results showed that this gene may play an important role in regulating the transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth and the ovary development.

Abstract:Dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) plays a crucial role in maintaining ascorbic acid (AsA) level in plant.To elucidate the roles of DHAR gene,we cloned and characterized a DHAR gene in maize.The DHAR encoded an open reading frame of 214 amino acids.The comparison of maize DHAR sequence with sorghum,rice and wheat showed a significant conservation and high similar with the three species,such as 85% identified with sorghum DHAR and 83% identified with rice DHAR1 gene.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the DHAR protein cluster with maize,sorghum,wheat and rice proteins.The DHAR expression pattern revealed constitutive expression and abiotic stress induction.It was strongly induced by cold,ABA（100 μmol/L）,PEG（100 mmol/L）,NaCl（250 mmol/L）and wound stress.Altogether the results in this work demonstrated that the DHAR may play an important biological role in plants under abiotic stress.

Abstract:ABA solutions of 1 000,500 and 300 mg/L,respectively,were applied on ‘Meixiang’ peach before coloring for investigation of the influence of ABA on fruit coloration and the expression of genes which is related to anthocyanin synthesis.The results showed that ABA significantly affect the mass fraction of soluble solid contents in flesh and increase the content of anthocyanin in skin.High concentration of ABA (1 000 mg/L) obviously improve skin coloration.In addition,ABA treatment also up-regulated CHS and DFR expression,and significantly accelerated UFGT and LDOX expression.The results indicated that ABA might be involved in the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation in peach,and improve the level of anthocyanin accumulation in peach.

Abstract:The aim of this study was to construct a DNA fingerprinting database of 22 papaya major cultivars in China,and the genetic diversity was analyzed based on start condon targeted polymorphism (SCoT).The results are:(1)Effective number of alleles (Ne),Nei’s gene diversity (H) and Shannon’s information index (I) of SCoT were 1.47,0.26 and 0.39,respectively.The results indicated that SCoT markers could detect higher genetic diversity in the papaya cultivars.(2)UPGMA cluster analysis and principal coordinates analysis (PCOA) showed that the range of genetic similarity (GS) was 0.79～0.90 in most of the papaya cultivars with a low genetic diversity.All cultivars could be divided into three groups at the genetic similarity of 0.75.(3)The 22 cultivars of papaya could be absolutely identified by six SCoT primers with 99.976% probability of confidence and every cultivar of papaya had a unique fingerprint map.These results provide a beneficial reference for genetic breeding of papaya in China.

Abstract:Both SRAP and EST-SSR markers were used to analysis genetic difference of 5 Populus deltoides varieties including P.deltoides.cv.‘Lux’(I-69/55) and 4 varieties related to it.(1)In SRAP analysis,21 primer pairs were screened and 287 bands were amplified,of which 209 bands were polymorphic.The percentage of polymorphic bands was 72.8% and the genetic similarity coefficients ranged from 0.548 1 to 0.769 2.(2)In EST-SSR analysis,17 primers were screened and 86 bands were amplified,among which 69 bands were polymorphic.The percentage of polymorphic bands was 80.2% and the genetic similarity coefficients ranged from 0.444 4 to 0.717 2.(3)The correlation of the genetic similarity matrix among the SRAP,EST-SSR and the combination data were different,of which the correlation between SRAP and the combination data (r=0.844 2),EST-SSR and the combination data (r=0.830 8) were significantly correlated.(4)Cluster analysis showed that there was difference between the genetic similarity assessed by SRAP and EST-SSR markers,but the results of SRAP and the combination data were consistent,which showed that SRAP markers were more effective in genetic difference analysis of close Populus lines.

Abstract:Genetic diversities of 5 wild soybean populations from Guangdong were examined by SSR.The results showed that:(1)There were 263 alleles at 60 SSR loci,varying from 2 to 10 with an average of 4.38 alleles for each locus.Lianzhou and Nanxiong populations had higher unique alleles,each with 19 and 16.Shannon diversity indexes varied from 0.162 to 2.174,while the expected heterozygosity (H_e) ranged from 0.073 to 0.899.(2)Lianzhou populations had the highest genetic diversity with Shannon diversity index 0.811 among 5 wild soybean populations in Guangdong,while Renhua population had the lowest genetic diversity with Shannon diversity index 0.113.AMOVA analysis results indicated that there is 51% variance among the populations and 49% in populations.Renhua population（RH） had lower gene flow with the other populations.According to genetic distance the 5 populations were divided into three groups:Lianzhou and Liannan as a group,Ruyuan and Nanxiong as a group,Renhua only for a group.The results indicated that there were different levels in genetic diversity among populations and within population,and Lianzhou and Ruyuan populations had higher genetic diversity than others.

Abstract:Through continuous observation of six stages of floral morphology and development,and continuous assay of pollen viability and stigma receptivity,we identified a novel mechanism of delayed autonomous self-pollination driven by filaments in Saxifraga hirculus in high arctic and alpine regions.The crack mode of anther and the stigma structure was studied by SEM,and using Sudan Ⅲ tested pollen histochemistry.The results showed that:(1)As the majority of anthers gathered above the stigma by filaments,pollen viability and stigma receptivity reach their peaks [(94±6)% and (96±13)%,respectively],then the spatio-temporal separation of pollen and stigma which termed as herkogamy came from stage 3 [the pollen viability higher to (90±8)%,however,the stigmas receptivity only (6±17)%],were eliminated in stage 4.This autonomous self-pollination occurs after outcrossing,making S.hirculus a classical case of delayed autonomous selfing.(2)Deeply concave stigmas with abundant columned papillae and oily pollenkitt got pollen together and contacted with stigmas well,increasing pollination efficiency.(3)We examined the breeding system of this species,found that there was no difference between obligate self-pollination and hand self-pollination in seed production.Indexes of autonomous selfing in 2007 and 2008 were 0.92 and 0.91,respectively.It means that S.hirculus developed a capacity of self-pollination and no pollen lamination.Significant difference between hand self-pollination and hand outcross-pollination in seed production indicating that the quality of self-pollen is lower than that of outcross-pollen and self-pollination can result in inbreeding depression.Reproductive assurance measures were 0.92 in 2007 and 0.91 in 2008 indicating selfing provided reproductive assurance.No effective pollinators were found.These results showed that as a glacial relict,S.hirculus has developed a capacity for delayed autonomous selfing while retaining partial characteristics of outcrossing from its ancestors,and provided reproductive assurance in rough weather conditions.

Abstract:The anther development of Impatiens balsamina displays some special characters:(1)Anther wall consists of 6 layers of cells:one epidermis,two endotheciums,two middle layers and one tapedum.Tapetal cells are not clear during sporogenous stage and difficult to distinguish with sporogenous cells.The tapetal cells degenerate during the stage of microspore mother cell (MMC).(2)Some starch polysaccharides appear in the microspore mother cells which had formed a callose wall.After meiosis of MMCs,starches in early microspores disappear,and lipids were accumulated in early microspores.With microspore developing,late microspores formed several large vacuoles and lipids disappeared.After microspore division,comparing with the big vacuoles in vegetative cell disappearing,starches again appeared in the 2-cellular pollen.Nearly anthesis,mature pollen grains of I.balsamina accumulated many lipids and starches as storey materials.(3)During anther development of I.balsamina,some cells of anther wall degenerated and their cytoplasm transformed lipids for pollen absorbing,the tapetal cells degenerated and offered lipids for MMCs and microspores,and middle layer cells for bicellular pollen grains.

Abstract:Oogenesis in Anisocampium sheareri was studied using ultrastructural methods to examine the egg structure influencing fertilization in the core leptosporangiate ferns,which is less studied.Ultrastructural observations indicated that the young egg and the canal cells are closely connected with each other in the cavity of the archegonium.Then,a separation cavity and a temporary wall are first formed above the egg during oogenesis with a pore region persistently connecting the egg and the ventral canal cell.The egg envelope is formed by deposition of amorphous materials in the separation cavity on the outer surface of plasmalemma.The egg envelope is not formed across the pore region;instead,a fertilization pore is formed.In the later stage of oogenesis,the egg nucleus becomes highly irregular and produces extensive evaginations and nuclear holds.The present investigation provided new data on oogenesis of the ferns,which contributes to understanding the cytological mechanism of the sexual reproduction of ferns and their evolution.

Abstract:Micro-morphological characteristics of leaf epdermis for Ilex kudingcha and its six relative species were examined with an optical microscope and SEM.（1） Micro-morphological structure of leaf epidermis for seven Ilex species as Kudingcha tea had a certain similarity such as the stomata at lower epidermis.According to the size of stomata,it could be divided into two typies of stomata:large stomata and common stomata.Most of stomatal type were cyclocytic. （2）There also had some differences in leaf epidermis characteristics,such as leaf epidermal cells and stomata anticlinal walls form,the outer edge of the cuticle ornamentation of stomata,etc.（3）There was a big difference in leaf epidermal morphology between I.huoshanensis and I.centrochinensis.（4）Combined with the evidence of molecular biology and the characteristics of the leaf epidermis,intermediate types should be treated as varieties of I.pentagona.The results proved that the characteristic of leaf epidermis of Ilex L.have taxonomic significance,it could be used as reliable evidence in distinguishing Ilex kudingcha with its related species.

Abstract:The leaf anatomical structures of 10 drought resistance shrubs were observed and measured by eco-anatomical method.The 15 xeromorphic indices including the thickness of the leaf,upper and lower epidermis,and the palisade and spongy tissue,the diameter of vascular bundle of the main vein and the stoma density and so on.The principal component analysis and membership function analysis were used to analysis the measured data and evaluate the resistances of these species.The results indicated that leaves of the tested shrubs had the typical structures of the xerophytes,which are the results of adapting to the drought environment.15 indices had significant difference among the shrub species at P<0.01 level,and 5 typical xeromorphic indices (leaf thickness,upper epidermis,the palisade tissue thickness,the density of stoma and diameter of vascular bundle of the main vein) were selected by principal component analysis.According to the results of subordinate function value analysis,the drought resistance capability of 10 shrubs was in the order of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus (Maxim.) Cheng f.＞Hedysarum scoparium＞Caryopteris mongholica Bunge.＞Caryopteris clandonensis＞Buddleja lindleyana＞Amygdalus mongolica (Maxim.) Ricker.＞Lonicera tatarica L.＞Lonicera ferdinandii＞Lonicera chrysantha Turcz.＞Lonicera tellmanniana.

Abstract:A hemp landrace from southern Yunnan was selected to study the chemotype and genotype of two main cannabinoids (tetrahydrocannabinol,THC;cannabidiol,CBD) by chemical test and gene cloning,respectively.The results are:(1)Chemical test revealed that all 21 plants contained THC,and the THC content ranged from 0.07% to 1.35%.In this population,9 plants contained THC alone,5 plants contained THC and trace CBD,and the other 9 plants included both THC and CBD,while the CBD content ranged from 0 to 0.58%.(2)Accordingly to the content ratio of CBD/THC,only drug-type and intermediate-type were existed in the landrace.There was also a positive correlation between THC and CBD contents in the plants of intermediate-type.(3)Gene amplification and sequence alignment showed 5 base variations and 2 base variations in THCA synthase genes and CBDA synthase genes,respectively,and the variations had no direct relations with the contents of THC and CBD.(4)The genotype completely matched with chemotype in 21 plants,and the two synthase genes can be made as molecular marker to identified chemotype in a single plant.

Abstract:With ‘ML7113’ wheat seedlings as the materials,artificial simulation of He-Ne laser（5 mJ·s^-1·mm^-2）,enhanced UV-B(10.8 kJ·m^-2·d^-1) radiation and combined radiation processing.Using chlorophyll fluorescence spectrometer,coomassie brilliant blue G-250 dyeing method and PCR technique,we studied the changes of chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics,content of rubisco activase,changes of gene expression and gene sequence on seven day age of wheat seedling.The results show that:(1)Compared with the control group,after enhanced UV-B radiation,wheat seedling chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics is abate.Rubisco activase content and its gene expression quantity decreased.But low doses of He-Ne laser irradiation can repair the damage on wheat seedling chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics which caused by after UV-B radiation and make rubisco activase content and its gene expression increased.(2)Compared with the control group,after He-Ne laser and enhanced UV-B radiation and combined irradiation gene sequences were presented with two identical point mutations,but did not cause the change of amino acid sequence.Visible,low dose He-Ne laser irradiation can be repaired by UV-B radiation on chlorophyll fluorescence activity of wheat seedlings to a certain extent and make the rubisco activase content and its lower amount of gene expression.Speculate that the influence of He-Ne laser and enhanced UV-B radiation on wheat seedling rubisco activase due to the change of transcriptional.So that the wheat photosynthetic capacity was changed accordingly.

Abstract:The third generation of mature Isoetes sinensis Palmer known as critically endangered species of ferns were used as materials by artificial breeding.With the method of pot cultivating,the paper examined the changing rule of membrane system,protective enzyme system and photosynthetic system under eight different herbicides in various agricultural region of origin,and explored herbicide pollution on the endangered I.sinensis Palmer’s physiology mechanism.Results showed that:(1)The relative electrolytic conductivity,MDA content,SOD activity and CAT activity of the I.sinensis Palmer leaves under different herbicide treatment in 15 d were significantly higher than that of control,while POD activity increased steadily before descending,and was near the compare level in 15 day;the photosynthetic system of I.sinensis Palmer leaves was severely affected.(2)The level of chlorophyll content under various herbicide treatments in 15 d was significantly lower than that of control.The stomatal conductance and transpiration rate increased dramatically,but net photosynthetic rate decreased obviously.The study found that I.sinensis Palmer is sensitive to all eight kinds of herbicides.Oxyfluorfen and MCPA-Na caused great damage on net photosynthetic rate,while fluazifop-p-buty,fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and bensulfuron -methyl caused great damage on membrane system.Herbicide is one of the important reasons of causing the I.sinensis Palmer to be endangered species.

Abstract:In this study,a pot experiment was used to investigate the growth and antioxidant enzymes responses of Lantana comara L.under Cd treatment with different concentrations.The results showed that:(1)The dry weight of L.comara L.was increased at first and then decreased with the increasing of Cd concentrations.30 mg·kg^-1 Cd treatment can promote the growth of L.comara L.,but when the Cd concentration was higher than 60 mg·kg^-1,the growth of L.comara L.was inhibited significantly.(2)O^-·₂ production rate,H₂O₂ and MDA contents,and electrolyte leakage rate in leaves and roots of L.comara L.were enhanced by gradually increasing of Cd concentration and stress time.After 90 days of Cd stress,O^-·₂ production rate,H₂O₂ and MDA contents,and electrolyte leakage rate in leaves and roots were significantly lower than those of control when the Cd concentration higher than 60 and 30 mg·kg^-1,respectively.The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD,POD,APX and CAT in roots and leaves of L.comara L.had a decline trend after an initial ascent with increasing of Cd concentration,and which were significantly lower than those of control when the Cd concentration higher than 90 and 60 mg·kg^-1,respectively.The above results revealed that low concentration of Cd treatment can promote the growth of L.comara L.,and the growth of L.comara L.was inhibited significantly under high concentration of Cd treatment.(3)High concentrations of Cd treatment significantly reduced the activities of antioxidant enzymes in L.comara L.,leading to accumulate mass of reactive oxygen species,induced severe membrane lipid peroxidation damage,thus the growth of L.comara L.was significantly inhibited.

Abstract:Humic acid is a kind of structure,material of a similar nature of complex compound.At the same time,it is a kind of hydrophilic colloid,and with a variety of groups.We conducted an experiment to investigate the effect of HA on physiological indexs and secondary metabolism.We set up five different leaf spray application concentration gradient（0,20,40,60,80,100 mg/L） of HA.Using potted trial,we analyzed the influence of the physiological indexes by HA on Pinellia pedatisecta seedlings under high temperature stress,as well as the regulation effect of secondary metabolism.The results showed that:(1)Each HA concentration treatment can promoted the growth of P.pedatisecta in different degrees under high temperature stress.With the treated of 80 mg/L,the fresh weight of tubers,petiole and the total chlorophyll content is the highest,compared with the control has significantly increased 21.25%,118.5% and 37.19%,respectively.(2)Compared with the control,under the concentration of 60 mg/L,the content of soluble sugar,soluble protein in leaves were highest.Both respectively increased by 66.67% and 40.91%,respectively.The activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD,POD) were the highest,with significantly increased by 818.98% and 48.2%,respectively.The content of MDA decreased significantly by 62.08%,and the content of guanosine in tuber was significantly increased by 52.94%.(3)Under 80 mg/L,the content of free proline in leaves and the content of total alkaloid,total organic acid and adenosine of tubers are the highest.And compared with the control they are significantly improved by 169.63%,27.19%,42.32% and 96.23%,respectively.Researches showed that fitting consistency of HA treatment could significantly increase the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD,POD) and the content of osmoregulation substance (soluble sugar,soluble protein and free proline).At the same time improved the metabolism of active ingredients contents accumulation (total alkaloid,total organic acid,adenosine and guanosine) in the tuber of P.pedatisecta seedling leaves under high temperature stress.Effectively relieve summer heat of P.pedatisecta seedling leaves damage,delay aging,improve the seedling resistance to heat,promote growth,extend the growing season.

Abstract:We studied the dry weight of individual plant,nitrate reductase activity and mineral elements absorption of leaves under three nitrogen forms and different concentration ratios by the use of orthogonal design,which were ammonium nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen and the amide nitrogen.The results showed that:(1)There were different dry weights by different nitrogen forms,which amide nitrogen was the most important nitrogen form,followed by ammonium and nitrate nitrogen;(2)There were different nitrate reductase activities in leaves by different nitrogen forms,which ammonium nitrogen was the most important nitrogen form,followed by nitrate and amide nitrogen;(3)The combined application of different nitrogen forms can promote absorption of phosphorus P,potassium K,calcium Ca,Mg,Cd,manganese Mn,chromium Cr,strontium Sr elements,but it is not beneficial to the absorption of nickel Ni,and iron Fe.Seven mineral elements,which were affected the most significantly by ammonium nitrogen,were K,Ba,Se,Ni,B,Si and Fe.Five elements,namely P,Cd,Ti,Al and Cu were affected the most significantly by nitrate nitrogen,and Na,Ca,Mg,Zn,Mo,Mn,Cr and Sr elements were affected by amide nitrogen.There were obviously differences among the effect of mineral elements absorption by different nitrogen forms.We should focus on the construction of the morphogenesis in the seeding stages of Isatis indigotica,and pay more attention to the combined application between the amide nitrogen and inorganic ammonium nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen.The appropriate nitrogen forms and ratios can increase nitrate reductase activity and promote minerals elements absorption,thereby promote the growth of I.indigotica.

Abstract:The effects of water and nitrogen supply on physiological characteristics of broomcorn millet root at jointing stage was studied by pot experiments,the study used the interaction of 3 water and 3 nitrogen levels ,‘5283 huang’ and ‘Jinshu 5’ two varieties as test materials.The results showed that:（1）Root weight,total root length,total root surface area were increased with increasing nitrogen application at equivalent moisture,while root to shoot ratio decreased;under the same amount of fertilizer,with increasing water supply,root morphological index rised raised and shoot ratio showed the opposite trend.（2）To some extent,proline and soluble sugar contents of root were decreased with the amount of nitrogen fertilizer increased appropriately under water stress.SOD activity and POD activity were decreased,root membrane lipid peroxidation was reduced.But the decline of the indicators was significantly different due to different moisture and fertilizer conditions and different varieties.（3）Under the condition of severe drought and nitrogen stress,osmotic adjustment ability and antioxidant enzyme activity of ‘5283 huang’ root was higher than that of ‘Jinshu 5’.It can clearly be seen that appropriate water and nitrogen supply treatment can effectively induce osmotic adjustment ability and antioxidant enzyme activities of millet roots increased,reduce injuries in adversity stress and increase the ability to drought resistance and nutrient stress.

Abstract:In this test,under low,moderate and high gradients of saline alkali,we studied the response of physiological and biochemical indexes of six hybrid hazelnuts (Corylus heterophylla Fisch.×C.avellana L.) in the sapling stage to saline alkali stress soil in Xinjiang,and made comprehensive appraisal by using the method of principal component analysis and membership function.The results showed that:(1)With the increase of the soil salinity gradient,the cell electrolyte leakage rate and the accumulation of malondialdehyde quantity of six hybrid hazelnuts all increased.Among them,the increase ranges of electrolyte leakage rate for XZ1 and XZ3 were the highest (HD minus LD＞100%) while the increase range of LZ8 was the lowest (HD minus LD only about 4%);The increase range of the accumulation of malondialdehyde quantity for XZ4 was the highest (HD minus LD is 23.94%),while XZ2 was the lowest (HD minus LD is 7.06%).(2)Chlorophyll content showed a decrease trend with the increase of the soil salinity radient.Among them,the decline range of XZ3 was the highest (LD minus HD is 32.55%).Osmotic regulation substances,such as proline content were rising first and then reducing.The variation laws of soluble protein,soluble sugar contents and the activity of the SOD and POD among six cultivars were different.(3)Having stronger ability of osmotic adjustment and the activity of protective enzymes,LZ3 and XZ1 showed stronger adaptability to saline soil saline alkali soil.A comprehensive analysis showed the adaptation of LZ3,XZ1,LZ8,XZ4,XZ3 and XZ2 to the saline alkali soil orderly declined.

Abstract:In this hydroponic experiment,five selected willow clone (Salix matsudana Koidz cv.zhuliu,Salix jiangsuensis CL J-172,Salix jiangsuensis CL J-795,Salix matsudana var.anshanenensis,Salix matsudana) annual seedlings were grown in containers with four Cd²⁺ concentrations (0,30,60 and 90 mg·L^-1),to explore gas exchange,fluorescence parameters and chlorophyll content on the clones with different concentrations of Cd²⁺.The result showed that:(1)The reason that led to the decline of photosynthetic rate of Salix jiangsuensis CL J-172,Salix jiangsuensis CL J-795 and Salix matsudana var.anshanenensis in the Cd²⁺ concentration of 30 mg·L^-1 was stomatal factors,while it was mainly caused by nonstomata factors when Cd²⁺ concentration ≥ 60 mg·L^-1.And the decline of photosynthetic rate of S.matsudana was caused by nonstomata factors under Cd²⁺ stress.（2）With increasing Cd²⁺ stress,the chlorophyll content and Chl a/Chl b value of Salix jiangsuensis CL J-172,Salix jiangsuensis CL J-795,Salix matsudana var.anshanenensis,Salix matsudana showed a downward trend while bamboo willow increased slightly first and then decreased;（3）With increasing Cd²⁺ stress,PSⅡ maximum photochemical quantum yield (F_v/F_m) and photochemical quenching (q_P) consistently decreased;non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) is a rising trend,while the apparent photosynthetic electron transport rate(ETR) increased at the lower concentration and then decreased at the higher concentration,but there were some differences among willow clones about the variations,which bamboo willow has the smallest decrease,while S.matsudana is the maximum.(4)In summary,5 willow clones can grow normally with 30 mg·L^-1 Cd²⁺ concentration,and the photosynthesis of bamboo willow is increase slightly compared with the control;with 90 mg·L^-1 Cd²⁺ concentration,the growth of all clones were limited but still survive.These results indicate that 5 willow clones can grow under Cd²⁺ stress and bamboo willow showed a better endurance.

Abstract:In present study,effects of H₂SO₄,plant growth regulators and cold stratification treatment on seed germination of Kobresia myosuroides,Carex atrata,Scirpus triqueter and Carex duriuscula were investigated.The results showed:(1)Seeds of four Cyperaceae species exhibited physiological dormancy with different type,e.g.K.myosuroides exhibited non-deep physiological dormancy,C.atrata exhibited intermediate physiological dormancy,S.triqueter and C.duriuscula exhibited deep physiological dormancy.(2) Sulfuric acid soaking significantly improved seed germination of K.myosuroides and C.atrata,and with the soaking time increasing,seed germination firstly increased and then decreased,and the maximum germination rate were 86% and 77% respectively.However,for S.triqueter and C.duriuscula,H₂SO₄ soaking have no effect on seed germination.(3)Exogenous gibberellin (GA₃),fluridone (FL) and potassium nitrate (KNO₃) significantly improved seed germination of K.myosuroides,but showed no effect on the other three species.However,GA₃,FL can significantly increase germination of C.atrata seed after H₂SO₄ scarification.(4)Effects of cold stratification on seed germination varied with stratification time and species.E.g.seed germination of K.myosuroides was significantly improved throuyh 2 months’ stratification,but improvement of S.triqueter seed germination need 4 months’ stratification;more than 6 months’ stratification can significantly improve seed germination of all tested species,and the final germination rates of K.myosuroides,C.atrata,S.triqueter and C.duriuscula after 6 months’ cold stratification were 90%,73%,17% and 7%,respectively.

Abstract:In order to elucidate the spatial distribution of AM and DSE fungi and ecological function of soil factors,we sampled from three different sites such as Yinchuan,Shapotou and Minqin in June 2012.Soil and root samples of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus were collected and divided into five depth intervals,0~10 cm,10~20 cm,20~30 cm,30~40 cm,and 40~50 cm,respectively.The results showed that:(1)A.mongolicus root is infected highly by AM and DSE fungi.The infection and ecological distribution of AM and DSE fungi is different between different spaces.(2)AM fungal colonization of Shapotou significantly higher than that of Minqin and Yinchuan.The highest colonization of DSE is Minqin.The hyphal,vesicular,arbuscular and total colonization of different sample plots were no significantly difference.AM fungal colonization and DSE colonization were no significantly differences in different soil layers of the same sample plot.(3)AM fungal colonization had significantly positive correlation with available P.Vesicular colonization had significantly positive correlation with organic matter,and had extremely significant positive correlation with available P.Colonization intensity was significantly positive correlation with TEG,and were extremely significant positive correlation with available N and available K.DSE had extremely significant positive correlation with EEG,and had significantly positive correlation with available N.(4)Path analysis showed that organic matter,EEG and available K directly affects the colonization of AM and DSE.The study for expound the symbiotic relationship between soil fungi with A.mongolicus,soil fungal resources to promote A.mongolicus’ growth and the diagnosis of desert soil provides the basis.

Abstract:Our objectives were to investigate phenotypic variations of cone and seed of Pinus tabuliformis in natural populations and to describe the relationship between morphological variations and geographic and climatic variables.Our field investigation of P.tabuliformis included four cone characters,four seed characters and four seed wing characters with 148 trees from 12 populations covering its entire natural distributional regions.We examined morphological diversity among/within populations based on the 12 life history traits.Variance analysis,correlation analysis,principal component analysis were used to analyze experimental results.Our results showed that each morphological character presented a large variation both within and among populations.Moreover,analysis of the coefficient of variation were higher in QS,HZ and ZJ (CV>20%).Furthermore,the cone dry weight(CDW) and cone length(CL) showed larger CV than that of other morphological traits.The wing traits were the lowest among all traits.Although the mean proportion of phenotypic variations of all measured traits was about 38.97% among populations of this species,it was much higher than those of other conifers,which further suggested that this species held the higher adaptive phenotypic variations or stress-tolerance ability under varying environmental conditions.According to the correlations between morphological traits and climatic factors,the significant negative correlations between potential evapotranspiration(PET) and most of morphological traits were detected.This study indicates that our research will provide important information for the reforestation and genetic conservation for this species in the changing climate.

Abstract:The Black Gobi desert is the most arid regions in the dryland.The aim of this paper is to study the flora and its plant species diversity in the Black Gobi ecosystems by using the technique of pilotless aircraft and survey plots.The results showed that:(1)The life forms are relatively simple because of the low heterogeneity and poor soil and water conditions.154 plant species were listed in the Black Gobi desert,which belong to 28 families and 85 genera.(2)In terms of plant species composition,the gobi region has less species but far more shrub compared to the desert.(3)The plant diversity of the Black Gobi region is absent and Chenopodiaceae,Asteraceae,Fabaceae have relatively high quantities.(4)The Black Gobi desert edificators are Reaumuria soongarica,Halogeton glomeratus and Ephedra przewalskii.Calligonum klementzii,Astragalus hamiensis,Glycyrrhiza inflata are China endemic plants,and Populus euphratica,Gymnocarpos przewalskii,G.inflata are the national protected plants.(5)Zygophyllaceae,Chenopodiaceae and Ephedraceae are the dominant families in the flora and vegetation.Meanwhile,Mediterranea.W.Asia to C.Asia and North Temperate are overwhelming geographical elements,which account for 47% of the total genera in the Black Gobi desert.(6)Compared to the near desert regions,the ratio of xerophytes was higher,and the endemic element was extremely lower,but the relic nature was more obvious in the Black Gobi desert.

Abstract:The fresh pollens of 6 a ‘Jinhua’ pecan (Carya illinoinensis) tree were used in this study.The focus was to investigate the regulatory role of sucrose,boric acid,Ca²⁺,rehydration time and temperature in pecan pollen germination and pollen tube growth by in vitro culture.And the results showed that:(1)The rehydration for 4 h before the test is necessary which could improve pollen germination significantly;(2)Sucrose, boric acid and Ca²⁺ could stimulate pollen germination and tube growth,but this function would reverse if overrun certain concentration;(3)The research suggested that the optimum culture medium consist of 20% sucrose,0.02%~0.03% H₃BO₃ and 0.05% Ca(NO₃)₂·4H₂O and the pollen germination percentage was nearly 74.46% and the average pollen tube length reached 258.84 μm after a 24 h incubation at 25 ℃.

Abstract:With three alpine meadow vegetation types of Tibetan Plateau (alpine meadow,alpine steppe and alpine desert steppe) as research objects,we made a fact-finding through the sample line method,quadrat method and nest quadrat method,respectively.Afterwards,we recorded all species of each transect line or per quadrat and mow the aboveground part of the quadrats.By the comparison of different alpine grassland plant diversity and aboveground biomass monitoring methods via the statistical analysis,we derived the minimum sampling area and the number of quadrats or transect lengths of different vegetation types of the Tibetan Plateau alpine grasslands.The results show that:in terms of species richness,400 m line transects observed the number of species accounts for 55%,71%,50% of all three methods’ investigation of alpine meadow,alpine steppe and alpine desert steppe,8 m² nest quadrats observed the number of species accounts for 57.5% and 57% of all the total number of species of the alpine meadow and alpine steppe separately,And 8 m² nest quadrats monitored the largest number of species of the alpine desert steppe,of which 2 m² number of observed species reached 83% in all possible species.The 20 sampling methods monitored largest number of species of the alpine meadow and alpine steppe,accounting for 78% and 86% of total number of species observed of three methods.Therefore,investigation of species richness is not less than 20 plots in alpine meadow and alpine steppe,alpine desert steppe required minimum area is not less than 2 m² of the two plots.Just in terms of aboveground biomass,the minimum number plots is not less than 7～11 derived from the relationship of coefficient of variation between aboveground biomass and the species,but by the coefficient of variation of aboveground biomass shows that the coefficient of variation is less than 5% of such premise.The sampling area of alpine meadow is not less than 0.25 m²;alpine steppe and alpine desert steppe is not less than 1 m².It can be drawn a conclusion that considering monitoring method of productivity,it will show great advantage for the alpine meadow to use 10 quadrates of 0.25 m²(0.5 m×0.5 m),but for the alpine typical steppe it will be better to choose 10 quadrates of 1 m²(1 m×1 m).However,for species richness of monitoring method,we obtain that it is convenient for the alpine meadow to chooses 20 quadrates of 0.25 m²(0.5 m×0.5 m) and for the alpine desert steppe the data should be accept 20 quadrates of 1 m²(1 m×1 m).Additionally,for alpine desert grassland it is prior to select 2 quadrates of 2 m².

Abstract:The species Vicia sepium L.,Epilobium parviflorum Schreb.,Carex longerostrata C.A.Mey.and Aleuritopteris stenochlamys Ching ex S.K.Wu are reported as new records in Ningxia,which has an important significances for supplementing the plant resource of Ningxia and studying the flora of Ningxia.