Abstract:Arabidopsis wild-type Col-0 was chosen as material to analyze the amino acid sequence comparison of type one protein phosphatase (TOPP) family.The TOPP4,a member of TOPP family,was prokaryotic expression to prepare and purify polyclonal antibodies.The results indicated as follow:(1)The prokaryotic expression plasmids of pEGM-4T-3-TOPP4 and pET-28a-GFP-N150 were constructed and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) strain.(2)The soluble GST-TOPP4 protein of 62 kD and His-GFP-N150 protein of 34 kD were expression by IPTG induction.(3)The recombinant protein GST-TOPP4 was purified,and then used as the antigen to immune the rabbits.The prepared polyclonal antibodies serum,whose titer was over 1∶400 000,was achieved.(4)The serum was purified by CNBr-activated Sepharose,which was linked with His-GFP-N150 protein,to obtain anti-TOPP4 polyclonal antibodies with great specificity.Our studies suggested that the specific TOPP4 polyclonal antibodies have been purified.

Abstract:A gene encoding a late embryogenesis abundant(LEA) protein was isolated from seedling of Medicago ruthenica L..Sequence analysis revealed that it belongs to LEA_2 family according to the Pfam classification of LEA proteins,here named as MrLEA2(Medicago ruthenica late embryogenesis abundant protein 2).Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression level of MrLEA2 did not response to dehydration,high salinity,cold stress treatments and ABA application.A prokaryotic expression vector was constructed and MrLEA2 was successfully overexpressed in E.coli.In order to get the clues of the function that MrLEA2 plays in protecting cells against abiotic stresses,growth and survival of E.coli cells overexpressing MrLEA2 protein under abiotic stresses,including high salinity,heating and freezing,was appraised.Spot assays and colony counting investigation showed that overexpression of MrLEA2 increased the tolerance of E.coli to high salinity(0.5 mol/L NaCl or 0.5 mol/L KCl),heating(55 ℃) and freezing(-20 ℃) stresses.The results suggest that MrLEA2 plays a role in protection of cell against damage caused by salinity and temperature stress.

Abstract:To prepare the polyclonal antibody of rice Argonaute 2 (OsAGO2),the coding regions of 165~401 aa and 440~570 aa of this protein was amplified by RT-PCR in this study,followed by cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET-23d.Afterwards,the recombinant OsAGO2 proteins were expressed and used as antigen to immune rabbits.The expression pattern of OsAGO2 was detected by Western blot analysis using antibodies prepared.The results demonstrated that two prokaryotic expression vectors were obtained,and the 30 kD and 25 kD of recombinant proteins were expressed successfully.The antibody prepared by 440~570 aa region of OsAGO2 showed higher specificity tested by immunoblotting.Western blot analysis showed that the OsAGO2 was expressed in tissues of anther,callus and spikelets.This work would contribute to study the properties and function of OsAGO2 in rice.

Abstract:A fasciclin-like arabinogalactan protein gene(FLA) was isolated from Brassica napus by homologous sequence cloning method,and designated as BnFLA.The open reading frame(ORF) of BnFLA is 1 200 bp in length,and the deduced protein encodes 399 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 42 885.9 Da and an isoelectric point of 6.37.Putative BnFLA protein harbours an N-terminal signal peptide,two AGP-like domains,two fasciclin-like domains and a GPI-anchor sequence in the C-terminus.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that amino acid sequences of BnFLA were closer to BrFLA17 and AtFLA2 than other FLAs,sharing 98% and 87% identity,respectively.qRT-PCR analysis showed BnFLA was expressed in all B.napus tissues analysed,with the highest expression level in hypocotyls,moderately expressing in cotyledons,and the lowest expression in stems.BnFLA expression is induced by GA₃,BR,IAA,ABA and NaCl,but inhibited by 6-BA,sucrose,cold and PEG.This study suggested that BnFLA might participate in the signal transduction pathways of hormones and response to abiotic stresses in B.napus.

Abstract:MAPK protein kinase plays an important role in the response of abiotic stresses.In the present study,we isolated a MAPK gene designated TaMAPK2 from wheat.TaMAPK2 ORF is 1 110 bp,which encodes 369 amino acids.Comparison of amino acid sequences indicated that TaMAPK2 shared high similarity with MAPKs from other species,such as Aegilops tauschii (99%),Oryza sativa (94%) and Setaria italica (94%).Phylogenetic analysis showed that TaMAPK2 is closely related with OsMAPK2.Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) assay revealed that TaMAPK2 expression is induced after osmotic stress,low temperature,salt stress,ethylene and H₂O₂ treatments and inhibited after ABA treatment.These results suggested that TaMAPK2 participates in the response of abiotic stresses and related signaling molecules.

Abstract:In our study,MhGlu,a β-1,3-glucanases gene of Malus hupehensis was cloned from leaves of M.hupenhensis treated with NaCl,PEG-6000 and ABA at 4 ℃ by RT-PCR.A plant binary expression vector of MhGlu was constructed.The vector was transformed into tobacco through Agrobacterium-mediated method.PCR and RT-PCR results showed that four transgenic tobacco lines T6,T8,T11 and T18 were obtained.The function of MhGlu was further analyzed with the transgenic tobacco lines T6,T8 and wild type tobacco plants (WT).Results showed that:(1)The expression of the gene in M.hupehensis was monitored in a 48 h course after treated with NaCl,PEG-6000 and ABA at 4 ℃,respectively.Semi-quantitative RT-PCR revealed that expression of MhGlu was induced by NaCl,PEG-6000 and ABA at 4 ℃ treatment in both potted seedlings and seedlings cultured in vitro.Treated by NaCl and PEG-6000,the expression of MhGlu gene increased gradually over time;while ABA treatment at 4 ℃ up-regulated MhGlu 4 h post treatment,the expression decline at 12 h,then reached to maximum at 48 h.(2)Compared with the WT plants,several pathogenesis-related genes (PRs) in tobacco (NtPR1,NtPR2,and NtPR3) were up-regulated in tobacco plants with overexpression of MhGlu,detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR.(3)Being infected with Botrytis cinerea,T6 and T8 lines of transgenic tobacco plants showed stronger tolerance to B.cinerea than nontransgenic plants.(4)Overexpression MhGlu appeared to improve the photosynthetic characteristics of transgenic tobacco.The net photosynthetic rate (P_n),the transpiration rate (T_r) and stomatal conductance (G_s) of transgenic plants were increased compared with that of controls,and the difference was significant.The P_n and T_r of T8 were significantly higher than that of T6,while the difference of G_s between T8 and T6 was not significant.Overall,the overexpression of MhGlu can induce the expression of PRs genes,active the protection mechanism with photosynthetic characteristics and enhance the resistance to B.cinerea of tobacco.

Abstract:The genus Dipteronia Oliv.endemic to central and southern China consists of two species,D.sinensis Oliv.and D.dyeriana Henry,both of them are rare and endangered.In this study,a combination of 18 random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) markers,8 pair of amplified-fragment length polymorphism(AFLP) primers and 10 polymorphic chloroplast microsatellite loci(cpSSR) were used to access the genetic diversity and population structure of species D.sinensis and D.dyeriana.At the species level,the genetic diversity estimated by the two nuclear markers RAPD(D.sinensis:H=0.386 4,H_sh=0.556 3 and D.dyeriana:H=0.304 7,H_sh=0.445 0) and AFLP(D.sinensis:H=0.331 9,H_sh=0.488 0 and D.dyeriana:H=0.304 7,H_sh=0.445 0) were comparable,while that of cpSSR(H_e=0.603 2 of D.sinensis and H_e=0.671 1 of D.dyeriana) were much higher than that of both AFLP and RAPD,and the gene differentiation coefficient(G_ST) displayed a similar trend.The resulting values indicated that the three marker types estimated a relative high genetic diversity and genetic differentiation within both species.For the implication of conservation,we believe that the habitat destruction by human activities is among the key factors responsible for both species’ endangered status.Therefore,in the long term,the strategy for conservation of the two Dipteronia species is the protection of its habitat.In addition,increasing small population size to maintain existing levels of genetic variation should be taken into consideration.

Abstract:In the current study,phylogeographic structure of Spiraea mongolica (Rosaceae) was investigated based on cpDNA markers (trnL-trnF and rps15-ycf1).Three hundreds and twenty four individuals distributed in 23 natural populations were used in the study covering the QTP and adjacent highlands.The result showed that:(1)The closely related haplotypes in this study tending to occur in same population indicated significantly phylogeographic pattern within the entire distribution range.(2)About 71.4% of the 35 haplotypes detected from all individuals were endemic in certain population;phylogenetic analysis divided all the haplotypes into three highly supported dades,in which H1 was the more ancient and highly distributed haploptype.(3)Mismatch distribution analysis indicated the species had experienced demographic expansion up to some extent since long time,but the expansion was not so rapid.(4)The results of BEAST analysis revealed that cladistics differentiation of S.mongolica occurred about 45 Mya.This research suggested that there are no less than three glacial refugia of S.mongolica in the QTP and adjacent highlands.The distribution of S.mongolica on the QTP and adjacent highlands was due to the combine effects of climatic instability during quaternary glacial-interglacial episodes and the uplifting of QTP.

Abstract:Morphological characteristics,flow cytometry and chromosome number were used to screen and identify tetraploidy plants from experimental materials through micropore culture,and excellent tetraploid lines were selected as parents to mate combinations randomly.And using various comparison tests,analysis of nutritional content and bolting tolerance to choose excellent combinations.It provides certain theoretical fundamental and practice methods of polyploid breeding in pakchoi.These results shows that:(1)76 tetraploid lines were identified from 232 DH(doubled haploid) group in pakchoi,and average of tetraploid ratio reached 32.76%,the highest one was ‘Inbred lines hybrid’.These tetraploid plants showed robust growth,dilatation of the main stem,flower organ huge,low selfing seeds setting rate and other characteristics.(2)11 tetraploid lines with high selfing seeds setting rate and excellent horticultural traits were selected as parents to mate 15 combinations randomly.And most hybrids were proved to have significant heterosis and higher yield compared with two diploid controls.(3)Contents of soluble sugar and soluble protein of tetraploid plants increased significantly than that of diploids.However,contents of organic acid and cellulose were obviously reduced.Moreover,most tetraploids had strong bolting resistance.So,it provides parent materials to create tetraploid hybrids which are high nutritional quality and bolting-tolerant.(4)Tetraploid hybrid combination ‘T11×T10’ has superior horticultural traits,strong heterosis,high nutritional quality and bolting resistance,also its yield was significantly higher than that of diploid controls ‘No.5’ and ‘No.9’ with 40.93% and 32.37%,respectively.So,it is a wonderful tetraploid hybrid in pakchoi with excellent commodity properties.

Abstract:Anatomical structure of Sambucus chinensis Lindl.and histochemical localization of chlorogenic acid were studied by paraffin method and fluorescence observation in three populations.The results showed that:(1)There were obviously collenchyma and tannin cells in stems;pith was composed of two types of parenchyma cells with varying sizes.Collenchyma cells were smaller in rhizome than that in stem;pith parenchyma cell size difference was not obvious;the oil cells distributed in the cortex and pith.(2)The leaf belonged to typical dorsi-ventral leaf;the palisade tissue cells were short columnar;oil cell was not obvious.(3)Chlorogenic acid located in the cortex cells of rhizomes,some collenchyma cells of stem and spongy tissue of leaf,with the highest levels in spongy tissue.Differences of pith parenchyma cell size can be used as a distinction character of S.chinensis.Fluorescence microscope observation can be quickly and accurately display the distribution of chlorogenic acid.The highest content of chlorogenic acid was Huaihua population.If the chlorogenic acid as the effective component of S.chinensis,we suggested that only the leaves could be harvested for sustainable utilization of the resources.

Abstract:The leaf epidermal cell micromorphology of 14 Dracocephalum L.species from Xinjiang were investigated under light microscope(LM) and scanning electron microscope(SEM).The results showed that epidermal cells of all species of Dracocephalum L.were irregular in shape except that of lower epidermal of Dracocephalum paulsenii Briq.were polygonal.The patterns of anticlinal wall were sinuate,sinuous,sinuolate or straight-arched.Stomata were diacytic in all species examined.The shapes of stomatal apparatus were long oval,oval,wide oval or nearly round.The trichomes were small bristle,short pubescence,long pubescence,peltate and capitate glandular hair.The micro-morphological characters of stomatal size,stomatal density,stomatal index,stomatal inner margin of outer rim,trichomes,and cuticular ornamentation were all obviously different among different species,even different in lower epidermal and upper epidermal in same species.The leaf epidermal morphological characters could provide evidence to identify species and study the systematic relationships and evolution of taxons of Dracocephalum L..

Abstract:The epidermal structures of the sixteen species of Thelypteridaceae were investigated under light microscope(LM).The results indicated that:(1)Their epidermis cells are irregular,with deep sinuate anticlinal walls.(2)All the stomatal apparatuses occur in the lower epidermis,and most of them are elliptical.Altogether 6 types of stomatal apparatus were observed in present investigation(Polocytic type,Axillocytic type,Copolocytic type,Coaxillocytic type,Anomocytic type,Coroundcytic type).And each plant possesses 2-5 different types of stomatal apparatus.(3)The cell size of the leaf epidermis,the form of anticlinal wall,the size and form of stomatal apparatus,stomatal density,stomatal index and type of stomatal apparatus showed some difference between the eight genera of Thelypteridaceae.The results provide evidences for phylogeny and classification of Thelypteridaceae.

Abstract:The 5-nitroguaiacol sodium (5-NGS,10 μmol·L^-1) was applied to spray 10cm height of Chinese chives (cv.Dajingou).The nitrate content,key enzyme activities of nitrogen metabolism,amino acid components,nutritional quality and chlorophyll a fluorescence were measured and compared with control treatment (spraying water) at 12 d.The results showed that:(1)5-NGS significantly enhanced activities of nitrate reductase(NR),glufaminc synthctasc(GS),glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase(GOT),glutamate pyruvate transaminase(GPT) by 58.7%,26.5%,179.4%,131.3%,and the nitrate content reduction by 26.1%.(2)5-NGS significantly enhanced soluble protein,Vc contents by 49.5%,25.0%,respectively.Significantly higher contents of 15 kinds of amino acids were also observed in 5-NGS-treated leaf than that in control leaf of Chinese chives.However,soluble sugar content in 5-NGS-treated leaf was lower than that in control leaf.(3)5-NGS significantly enhanced biomass,leaf area,chlorophyll content,and increased electron transport rate(ETR) by 11.3%.Thus,the ability of 5-NGS to increase nitrate reductase(e.g.NR) and higher nitrogen assimilation enzyme(e.g.GS,GOT,GPT) activities might be an important attribution linked to low nitrate accumulation in leaves of Chinese chive.

Abstract:T₃ generation of KatE transgenic upland cotton was applied to investigate the drought resistance of transgenic cotton.Transgenic cotton were detected and identified by kanamycin and PCR.These positive plants were used to the drought resistance experiment with control plants,with the aim to compare the differences of physiological and biochemical,identify drought resistance between transgenic plants and control plants under drought stress until the cotton harvest.The results show that:(1)With drought stress to squaring stage,the drought resistance physiological indexes were not significantlt different between transgenic and contrast plants.(2)Water stress to budding peak stage and full-bloom stage,transgenic cotton leaf relative water content,F_v/F_m,CAT activity,leaf net photosynthetic rate(P_n),stomatal conductance(G_s) and transpiration rate(T_r) were significantly or extremely significantly higher than that of controlled plant.Drought stress to boll opening period,the transgenic cotton plant height,branch number and boll number were significantly or extremely significantly higher than that of controlled plant,transgenic and contrast of the cotton seed cotton yield than the normal irrigation treatment reduced by 57.5% and 60.1%,respectively.The whole growth period of cotton production has been affected by the water stress,but transgenic cotton seed and cotton yield is still significantly higher than that of control.The experimental results show that KatE cotton showed good physiological and growth advantage under the natural rainfull condition(water stress) in Xinjiang Shihezi,which help to increase drought resistance of the cotton.

Abstract:An experiment was conducted to find out the effects of drought stress on morpho-physiological characters and antioxidant responses in two spring-sprout Lycoris species(L.sprengeri and L.chinensis).Seedlings were transferred into plastic pots filled with loamy soil and then subjected to a limiting level of water regimes(35%-40% of field capacity).The results showed that:(1)Drought stress caused a significant reduction in leaf relative water content(RWC) and chlorophyll content in both species.(2)There was sustained increase in soluble sugar content,proline accumulation under drought stress conditions in L.sprengeri,while they increased at first,and then decreased in L.chinensis.(3)As the drought stress proceeding,the relative electric conductivity and levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) were increasing,and the highest levels were observed at the end of the drought stress.Moreover,the variation trend in superoxide dismutase(SOD),guaiacol peroxidase (POD),and catalase(CAT) activities increased at first and then decreased in both species.(4)It was also observed that the net photosynthesis(P_n),intercellular CO₂ concentration(C_i) and transpiration rate(T_r) decreased upon drought treatments.These results indicated that drought sensitivities actually differ between L.sprengeri and L.chinensis.L.sprengeri was with higher water conservation,photosynthetic production,osmatic adjustment substances,and antioxidant enzymes,thus was more tolerant to drought stress.

Abstract:In order to explore the adaptability characteristics of oats glume under water deficit,this paper used different drought resistance oat varieties ‘Bayou 3’(water sensitive) and ‘Mengyan 1’(drought-resistant) as test materials,to study osmotic regulation and anti-oxidation ability of oat glumes at heading stage and filling stage under water stress by pot experiment.The results showed that:(1)Water stress treatments could significantly promote the content of osmolytes among different drought-resistance varieties.The accumulation level of drought-resistant variety was higher than that of water sensitive one,and the reaction of two osmolytes to stress was more sensitive at heading stage than that of filling stage.(2)Water stress treatments could reduce the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase(POD) activities of glume among different drought-resistance varieties in both heading and filling stage.The protective enzyme activities of drought-resistant variety were higher than that of water sensitive variety.The SOD activity reduction rate of drought-resistant variety was significantly lower than that of water sensitive variety,while the POD activity decreased with no obvious difference between the two varieties.(3)Water stress led to methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) content and the relative electrical conductivity increased significantly,and the change of water sensitive variety was greater than that of drought-resistant variety.(4)Water stress decreased the grain yield per plant.The yield reduction rate of drought-resistant variety was lower than that of water sensitive variety under moderate stress and severe stress in the same period.Under water stress,the reduction of ‘Bayou 3’ was from 4.54% to 30.29%,while ‘Mengyan 1’ was from 6.69% to 23.54%.Therefore,the drought resistance of oat varieties to adapt to water stress by strengthening the osmotic adjustment and antioxidation ability reduced the golem cell membrane damage,which helps to minimize the damage of water stress,conducive to stable yield.

Abstract:The pre-screening Cu-enrichment plant Myriophyllum aquaticum had been used as the experiment material.Through two factor randomized block experiment design,the antioxidant enzyme activity of M.aquaticum under different concentrations of Cu and Zn contaminated soil had been conducted by pot experiment.The results indicated that:(1)Under different concentrations of Cu and Zn compound pollution,the biomass of M.aquaticum was promoted by the low concentration pollution and inhibited by the high concentration pollution.(2)Under different concentrations of Cu and Zn compound pollution,the MDA content of M.aquaticum with the increase of Cu-Zn concentration showed after the first rise to reduce.(3)Different concentrations of Cu and Zn compound pollution played different roles on the activity of antioxidant enzyme system of M.aquaticum.The low concentration of Cu and Zn compound pollution improved the activities of SOD,POD and CAT,while the increased concentration of Cu and Zn compound pollution showed different effects on the activities of SOD,POD and CAT.Based on the data reported,under the pressure of the combination of Cu and Zn,M.aquaticum cell activate the emergency defense system,then SOD,POD and CAT start to work to removal of excess free radicals in the body in time,so that maintain the high tolerance of M.aquaticum under the stress of Cu and Zn.It is possible that M.aquaticum is a new material of ecological restoration and reconstruction of vegetation in Luxi river and other similar rivers contaminated by Cu and Zn.

Abstract:Taking one-year-old shoots of three wild species citrus of Guizhou Province as test materials and the shoots of cultivated variety Citrus reticulata as the control,we studied the changes of their membrane-lipid peroxidation,antioxidative enzyme activity,and organic osmoregulatory substance content under artificial cooling,aimed to analyze the differences of four kinds of citrus species in cold resistance.Semi-lethal temperature of wild citrus was determined by establishing Logistic regression model on leakage ratio of electrolyte.Finally,cold resistance of different citrus varieties was synthetically evaluated by using membership function method.(1)With the decrease of temperature,the ion leakage percentage of four kinds of citrus species increased in S-shape,and the SOD and POD activities,soluble protein,and soluble sugar contents decreased after an initial increase.The MDA content of C.ichangensis under decreasing temperature had an increasing trend.(2)The semi-lethal temperature(LT₅₀) of C.ichangensis,C.aurantium,C.limonnia,and C.reticulata calculated by the Logistic equation of ion leakage percentage was -14.86 ℃,-7.28 ℃,-8.45 ℃,and -5.88 ℃ respectively.The order of cold resistance evaluated by membership function method was basically identical establishing Logistic regression model.Among the four kinds of citrus species,C.ichangensis had the strongest cold resistance,followed by C.aurantium,C.limonnia,and C.reticulata,wild citrus has the stronger cold resistance than that of C.reticulata.

Abstract:To investigate the photosynthetic efficiency in leaves of Medicago truncatula and its threshold in response to the salt stress in the soil,we used Li-6400 photosynthesis system to measure the photosynthetic parameters of the pot-grown seedlings under different concentrations of salt treatments(0,50,100,150,200,250,300 and 400 mmol·L^-1).The results showed that:(1)The net photosynthetic rate(P_n) and characteristic parameters of photosynthesis in leaves of M.truncatula displayed threshold-value in response to variations in salt concentration.The M.truncatula plants were able to maintain higher photosynthetic productivity and the range of the suitable photosynthetic active radiation(PAR) was 600~1 300 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 at NaCl concentration of 100~200 mmol·L^-1,the maximum of P_n(20.7 μmol·m^-2·s^-1) appeared at NaCl concentration of 150 μmol·mol^-1,and the corresponding PAR was 1 200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1.(2)When the NaCl concentration was lower than 150 mmol·L^-1,the apparent quantum yield(AQY),light compensation point(LCP),respiration rate(R_d) and maximum photosynthesis rate(P_nmax) increased with the NaCl concentration increasing.The maximum AQY(0.030),R_d(0.605 7 μmol·m^-2·s^-1) and P_nmax(19.4 μmol·m^-2·s^-1) as well as the minimum LCP(19.8 μmol·m^-2·s^-1) appeared when treated with 150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl.(3)According to the theory of stomatal limitation,it is the turning point of 150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl,which led to the depression of P_n from stomatal limitation to non-stomatal limitation and the PAR from stomatal limitation to non-stomatal limitation reduced with increasing NaCl concentration.To sum up,M.truncatula had high adaptability to salt stress,and had high photosynthetic productivity in high salt concentration.

Abstract:With different origins of Dendrobium officinale fresh stem produced from 12 different areas segments as material,we performed gradient elution,with Ultimate XB C₁₈ (4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm) acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid solution as mobile phase gradient elution,velocity of 1.0 mL·min^-1,detection wavelength of 270 nm,column temperature 30 ℃.Through Chinese medicine chromatographic fingerprint similarity evaluation system (national pharmacopoeia committee) similarity analysis and establish the 12 different areas fingerprint,at the same time by microwave digestion processing materials,using ICP-AES atomic absorption spectrometry determination of different origin of cadmium,copper,lead and mercury contents,so as to compare the different origin of quality,to provide theoretical basis for establishing quality standard.The results show:(1)A total of 23 different producing area features was established.The similarity of different origin of D.officinale was 0.918-0.987,which shows differences,but there was no difference in the chemical composition and chemical contents;(2)Through clustering analysis,D.officinale of 12 different regions can be divided into four categories:Anhui Huoshan,Jiangsu Nanjing,Yunnan Shiping,Yunnan Yuxi,Yunnan Simao,as a category,Yunnan Wenshan,Zhejiang Xianju as a category,Yunnan Honghe,Guangxi Tian’e,Dabie Mountain in Anhui and Fujian Ninghua as a class,Zhejiang Tiantai for a class;(3)Including the copper contents from Yuxi of Yunnan,cadmium contents from Fujian Ninghua,Jiangsu Nanjing,exceed 26.25%,27.33% and 122.30%,respectively.Other orgin of copper,cadmium,lead,mercury levels in countries.Our aim is to provide theoretical basis for D.officinale medicinal materials quality control.

Abstract:By using the remote sensing data and the climate data of DEM elevation model calibrated in 2003-2012,we estimated the net primary productivity(NPP) of Qilian Mountains vegetation based on CASA model.The years,annual variation of NPP,the temporal-spatial distribution and change trend were also analyzed.The results reveal that:(1)The NPP in Qilian Mountains is mainly concentrated during the summer(June to August),it accounts for 86.39% of the total NPP;From 2003 to 2007,Minor fluctuations between 165.28 g·m^-2·a^-1and 192.75 g·m^-2·a^-1 in the annual average of NPP;NPP showed a significant downward trend from 2007 to 2009,by 168.63 g·m^-2·a^-1 down to 153.17 g·m^-2·a^-1;while,NPP showed a clear upward trend from 2009 to 2012,the maximum value can reach 207.13 g·m^-2·a^-1.(2)The spatial distribution of NPP in Qilian Mountains showed a rising tendency from west to east.NPP in most of the eastern regions varied from 200 to 400 g·m^-2·a^-1,in some areas up to 500 g·m^-2·a^-1.There were obviously differences between the north and the south in the central region;NPP in most of the southern regions varied from 100 to 300 g·m^-2·a^-1,but it varied from 100 to 400 g·m^-2·a^-1in most northern regions.NPP in most of the western regions was between 0 and 100 g·m^-2·a^-1,especially the desert and alpine ice snow covered area had the lowest biomass.(3)NPP in the Qilian Mountains has been increased volatility in the recent ten years;the area of NPP increased about 9 867 km² and it accounts for about 21.19% of the total area;the reduced account for 17.52% of the total area about 8 173 km².The results showed that the ecological health of Qilian Mountains is improving in the overall,although it deteriorated in the local.

Abstract:Based on field survey data,we studied classification and ordination of Potentilla parvifolia community by the methods of TWINSPAN and CCA,and analyzed distribution pattern of species diversity along the elevation gradient in Qomolangma National Nature Reserve.The results showed that:(1)24 plots included 80 species vascular plants in this Nature Reserve,belonging to 23 genera and 45 families,respectively.The most prevalent species were P.parvifolia,Kobresia pygmaea,Anaphalis xylorhiza,Androsace tapete,Artemisia wellbyi,Arenaria pulvinata and Rhodiola bupleuroides.(2)24 plots of P.parvifolia community were classified into 10 types of plant association.(3)According to two-dimensional CCA ordination diagram,altitude and slope position are the main factors of affecting distribution pattern of P.parvifolia community and species in this area.(4)As altitude increased,species richness,Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson index of P.parvifolia community tended to decrease,but Pielou index showed a trend of rising in this area.(5)Coverage and height of dominant species (P.parvifolia) significantly reduce along an altitudinal gradient.

Abstract:Based on the Forest Resource Inventory Data,combining the data of sample sites investigation and stem analysis,we study and analyze the growth process and resource status.This paper estimates the region’s potential growth rate,the oak plant growth process and characteristics of oak resources,and puts forward relevant management suggestions.The results show that:(1)The quantitative maturity of natural tree seedling oak species (Quercus variabilis) is late and the fastest growth rate is from 10% to 20% by 20 years,while the growth peak period is slightly lagging the DBH and tree height.(2)The annual growth rate of oak resources is about 6.89%,of which young forest,middle-aged forest,and near mature forest are about 8.67%,3.46% and 2.62%,respectively;(3)The area and stock of oak resources are in the proportion of more than 50% in southern Shaanxi,mainly sprawling in the north-west Interchange of Qinling and Bashan,a relatively small surrounded by the Han River valley;(4)The forest age structure is irrational and the amount of available resources is very limited;(5)46% oak resources is divided into firewood;33% is water conservation forest and 21% is timber,natural forest area and stock are significantly larger than that of plantation;(6)From 1986 to 2009,the area and stock of oak resources increase significantly,but the forest quality is still poor and the woodland productivity is low.Overall the oak resources are abundant,but the distribution is extremely unbalanced.The further development of oak resources should first strengthen the cultivation and management,improve the quality of forest,strengthen classification management,and then carry out comprehensive forest economy strategies.

Abstract:To achieve the comprehensive utilization of walnut shell,we prepared pyroligneous acids from walnut shell of two species by pyrolyzing,and collected it at 90~550 ℃.Pyroligneous acids from walnut shell of Juglans regia L.(H) and Juglans sigillata Dode (T) were obtained after refinement.The basic properties of the pyroligneous acids were measured,and the chemical compositions were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(GC-MS).Moreover,antifungi activities of each pyroligneous acid were tested by using 7 phytopathogenic fungi.The results showed:(1)The basic properties and the chemical compositions of each pyroligneous acid were similar.(2)62 compounds were identified by GC-MS analysis,mainly organic acids,phenols,ketones and aldehydes.The content of organic acids was the highest,and followed was phenol compounds.Meanwhile,48 common compounds were obtained in the 2 pyroligneous acids,5 and 9 special compounds were obtained in H and T,respectively.(3)The 2 pyroligneous acids showed antifungi activities in different degrees,and they all showed the strongest inhibition on Rhizoctonia cerealis.The values of EC₅₀ of H and T on R.cerealis were 15.65 mg/mL and 15.23 mg/mL,respectively.It was considered that the chemical compositions of pyroligneous acids from walnut shell were complex.The pyroligneous acids showed high antifungi activities and could be exploited as a new resource.

Abstract:Adventitious buds regenerated through Agrobacterium-mediated Jatropha curcas L.transformation systems are usually difficult to develop to whole plantlets.In order to solve the problem,we tested in vitro micrografting methods by using J.curcas buds and shoots isolated from seedlings as scions and the lower part of J.curcas seedlings as stocks.The experimental results showed that:(1)Antibiotics could hinder the further growth of grafted seedlings significantly;(2)The most suitable stocks were those prepared from 5-day-old seedlings;(3)The hypocotyls with the upper part of the radicals were the most appropriate type of stocks;(4)Significant enhancement on the growth of buds in culture was confirmed in 1/2 MS medium containing 0.3 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 2 mg/L L-glutamine (Gln);(5)The grafted seedlings could be transplanted to soil with quite high survival rate (76.40%);(6) The grafted seedlings with shoots or buds served as scions could grow normally.The growth of the transformed buds and shoots could be enhanced effectively by making use of the established in vitro micrografting system.

Abstract:One species,Salvia digitaloides Diels,and one variety,Salvia flava var.megalantha Diles,are reported as new records from Sichuan,China.

Abstract:Four species are reported as new records to Hainan,China.They are Taeniophyllum pusillum (Willd.) Seidenf.& Ormerod,Sabia discolor Dunn,S.nervosa Chun ex Y.F.Wu and Etlingera yunnanensis (T.L.Wu & S.J.Chen) R.M.Smith,respectively.

Abstract:After brief introduction of the phylogenetic relationships of pteridophytes,we summarized the traditional classification system and system based on modern molecular systematics,current situation and new progress as well as future study expectation of floristic geography of the pteridophytes in China in the paper.The results of molecular phylogeny showed that the pteridophyta and some groups are not natural groups.The diversity of the floras and distribution in ferns in southeast China is abundant,while northwest is less.The diversity of the south and southwest China is extraordinarily rich,and the distribution center of many temperate genera is the southwest China.The main issues of flora of pteridophytes in China were analyzed here,and the effect of ferns in ecosystem,the study of special habitat,the application of numerical analysis in ferns’ floras study,and the intersect between floristic geography and other related subjects could be hot topics and areas needed to reinforce in the future.

Abstract:Triterpene saponins are glycosides of cyclic C30 terpenes which consist of triterpenoid sapogenins,sugar,and uronic acid.They are major active ingredients of many medicinal plants,with a range of pharmacological effects.The biosynthesis of triterpene saponins includes the formation of precursors and skeleton of triterpene saponins,as well as the post-modification that regulates the structure diversity.The post-modification of triterpene saponins mainly includes the oxidation/hydroxylation and glycosylation of triterpene skeleton,which are catalyzed by cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and glycosyltransferase,respectively.They are encoded by different supergene family.By means of post-modification,triterpene saponins can form a variety of monomer saponins in the end.Currently,several key post-modification enzymes which are relative to triterpene saponins biosynthesis have been identified and confirmed in a few plants,and a part of candidate genes that most likely involved in the post-modification process have been found.Studies on key post-modification enzymes in triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis were reviewed in this article,which provided a reference for further correlational research and analysis on fine synthesis pathway.

Abstract:Gibberellins (GAs) are a kind of broad-spectrum plant growth regulators.This review addresses the application of GAs in buds dormancy release of woody plants,the physiological mechanisms of dormancy release applied by GAs,the roles of genes associated with gibberellin metabolism in seasonal dormancy release in woody plants,the molecular mechanism of buds dormancy release induced by GAs,and also suggests the future research directions to better understand seasonal dormancy treated with GAs in woody plants,which could provide a theoretical basis for the application of GAs in buds dormancy release of woody plants.