Abstract:Based on our constructed cDNA full length library,a gene named VpPAP1(GenBank Accession NO.JN624817) encoding plastid lipid-associated protein was cloned and sequenced from leaves of Vitis pseudoreticulata ‘Baihe-35-1’ by RT-PCR(Reverse Transcription PCR).The sequence analysis indicated that the cDNA length was 1 034 bp,flanked by a 5′-untranslated region of 26 bp and a 3′-untranslated region of 63 bp. 945 bp of the open reading frame encodes a polypeptide of 314 amino acid residues,protein molecular weight is 34 169.37 Da and theoretical isoelectric point 7.76.The expression profile of the VpPAP1 was analyzed in V.pseudoreticulata infected Uncinula necator.Realtime-PCR analysis revealed that the VpPAP1 gene was induced by U.necator in leaves,and reached the peak at 24 h,which indicated that it may involve in the resistance to U.necatori.The study will be helpful to study the function of plastid lipid-associated protein on interaction of U.necator and grapevine.

Abstract:The full-length cDNA of GST was cloned in order to explore molecular response mechanism in broccoli under acid rain stress,which was analyzed by bioinformatics method and real-time PCR.The results showed that the full-length DNA was of 915 bp,opening reading frame(ORF) was of 642 bp.And the ORF encoded 213 amino acids,suggesting a formula of C₁₀₉₁H₁₇₁₉N₂₈₉O₃₀₆S₅,a molecular weight of 23 940.7,had no transmembrane helix region or signal peptide.Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that this gene of broccoli had closer relationship with that from Brassica juncea.The analysis by real-time PCR suggested that the expression of GST genes in broccoli under acid rain stress increased significantly at first,and then declined due to longer duration of acid rain stress,which was involved in signaling pathways in response to the acid rain stress.

Abstract:Genetic improvement in cotton via biotechnology is limited due to lack of an efficient transformation and regeneration system.A reliable and high-efficiency system of genetic transformation mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens was developed in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivar ‘Xinluzao 33’ (an elite cultivar in Xinjiang area),using hypocotyl as explants.Various aspects of transformation were examined in efforts to improve the efficiency of producing transgenic plants.Meanwhile,a foreign gene Polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (AtPGIP1),which is related to plant disease resistance,was induced to this cultivar.The integration of the interest gene and BAR transgenes into the genome of putative transgenic plants was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Our results showed Basta is an effective selection agent in cotton genetic transformation,which can be applied at a low concentration of 2.5 mg/L.Agrobacterium at a relatively low concentration (OD₆₀₀=0.5) helped to improve the efficiency of transformation.Relatively low co-cultivation temperature (20 ℃) was optimal for obtaining a higher efficient transformation.This result suggested that ‘Xinluzao 33’ can be used as a good receptor variety in cotton genetic transformation mediated by A.tumefaciens,increasing the range of cotton genotypes that can be transformed.Using this protocol,more than 15 normal plants were obtained through transformation of AtPGIP1,of which all regenerated plants were transgene-positive confirmed by PCR analysis.The protocol established in this study can be used in cotton functional genomics and in improving cotton cultivars by genetic engineering.

Abstract:Tartary buckwheat 16 kD allergen (TBW16) is located in seed embryo and its biological function is still unknown.Based on the TBW16 sequence obtained from the seed-filling period cDNA library of tartary buckwheat,prokaryotic expression vector pET47b-TBW16 was constructed and TBW16 was successfully overexpressed in E.coli BL21 Star(DE3) in form of inclusion bodies.The TBW16 was renatured by dialysis against gradually decreasing urea solution and further purified by cobalt chelating chromatography.TBW16 was then coupled to Sepharose CL 6B activated by 1,4 butyl glycol two glycidyl ether,and the TBW16 interacting protein was obtained by affinity chromatography protocols.Result of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry showed that the TBW16 interacting protein has high homology to bacteria porin.This result laid the basis for further revealing the biological functions of TBW16 in tartary buckwheat.

Abstract:In this experiment,the resistant plant,sensitive plant and the F₁ generation were used for identification of the molecular markers linked to salting tolerance gene of Fraxinus velutina by RAPD-BLA.The result indicated that 150 decamer random primers were used to amplify the DNA pools from the resistant plants and sensitive plants,only primer S20 could amplify a 592 bp specific fragment,and named S20-592.SCAR marker was developed from the RAPD marker S20-592 by cloning,sequencing and designing one pair of primers and the SCAR marker only presented in the individuals of the resistant plants.The fragment existed in the resistant plants and F₁ population,it was indicated that the SCAR primer can be used for rapid identification of salt tolerance F.velutina species.

Abstract:Sugarcane streak mosaic virus (SCSMV) is one of the causative agents of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) mosaic disease.In this study a sugarcane cDNA library was screened with P3 from SCSMV as bait using yeast two-hybrid system (Y2HS).A gene encoding the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) was obtained and designed as ScRbcL.The open reading frame (ORF) of ScRbcL is 1 337 bp in length and codes for 478 amino acids.The interaction between the ScRbcL and SCSMV-P3 was identified by Y2HS and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC).This research provided new cues to the investigation of the molecular mechanism of SCSMV infection on sugarcane,especially on the mosaic syndrome development caused by sugarcane mosaic disease.

Abstract:Some plant miRNAs are involved in gene expression regulation under salt stress.KcmiR398,a miRNA from halophytic Karelinia caspica,presented a significant differential expression under salt stress.In order to investigate the target genes of KcmiR398 and its regulatory effect to the target genes,we performed online bioinformatics analysis (http://plantgrn.noble.Org/psRNATarget/),and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes CSD1 and CSD2 were predicted as the target genes of KcmiR398.Full length sequences of CSD1 and CSD2 (named KcCSD1 and KcCSD2 respectively) were cloned by using RACE technology.qRT-PCR results showed that:(1)The expression of KcmiR398 was up-regulated in the stems of the salt-stressed K.caspica,but down-regulated in the new leaves;The expression of KcCSD1 was up-regulated in the old leaves of the salt stressed plant,but down-regulated in the old stems and roots;The expression of KcCSD2 was up-regulated in both old stems and roots of the stressed plant.(2)When plant stressed with 300 mmol/L NaCl for 24~48 h,the expression of KcmiR398 showed no significant difference compared to the control;the expression of KcCSD1 was more than 3-fold of that of control;whereas the expression of KcCSD2 showed no significant difference with salt treatment.These results indicated that the expression of KcmiR398,KcCSD1 and KcCSD2 were tissue differential,and the expression of KcmiR398,KcCSD1 and KcCSD2 was influenced by salt stress,which makes K.caspica resist to the damage of oxidation caused by salt stress.

Abstract:We used light microscopy to observe the spore germination and gametophytic development of two species belonging to Tectaria:Tectaria decurrens (Presl) Cop.and T.fauriei Tagawa.The characteristics of each gametophytic development stage were recorded.Both T.decurrens and T.fauriei had the following characteristics in common:(1)The spores are monolete,kidney-shaped or fabiform in equatorial view and elliptical in polar view,and the surface is formed by perispore.(2)The germination pattern is of the Centripetal.(3)The developmental pattern of the prothallus is of the Aspidium-type.(4)Adult prothallium is cordate-thalloid and the wings extend obliquely upward.(5)The gametophytes have unicellular and miulticellular hairs,which appear in filaments or thalli stages.The Tectaria is a more evolved terrestrial fern according to gametophytic development;The type,location and timing of appearance of hairs differ in Tectaria.

Abstract:The distribution and micromorphology of vestured pits in secondary xylem of eleven species representing genus Fraxinus were investigated in details by means of SEM.Richness indexes of intervascular vestured pits and quantitative features of the bordered pits were measured on SEM images using software Carnoy 2.0.Scanning electron microscopy illustrates that vestured pits in the vessel elements of secondary xylem of studied species varied considerably in distribution and micromorphology,and the statistic description of richness indexes further confirmed the great variable distribution of vestured pits.Stepwise regression analysis between respective richness indexes and quantitative features of the bordered pits indicated that 2 out of 3 richness indexes including frequency of vestured vessel outer aperature and frequency of vestured vessel pit chamber increased significantly with increasing Fap (aperture fraction),suggesting that richness of vestured pits was correlated with geometric structure of the bordered pits.It can be inferred that consistent occurrence of vestured pits in genus Fraxinus from the common presence of the vestured pits in studied species.Therefore,the occurrence of vestured pits can delimit the genus Fraxinus.

Abstract:With SEM,we observed and analyzed the microstructure of cork samples from thin and thick types of Quercus variabilis located in sunny slope of North Slopes Qinling Mountains where the core distribution area of this species was.Results show:(1)The cells of two types of cork have the typical features of cork tissues with a regular and radially aligned structure of suberized cells without intercellular void.In the tangential section,cork cells were seen as polygons in a honeycomb-like arrangement,while the radial and transverse section shown a brick wall-like structure.In the radial section,cork cells arrayed along a line which was vertical to the tree axial direction.In transverse section,cork cells arrayed along a radial which emitted by the center of the tree axial direction.(2)It was found that the thick type cork have thinner cell wall and larger cell volume than that of thin type cork.(3)Compared to Quercus suber,the cork quality of thick type of Q.variabilis were a few bad.(4)There were corrugations on the prism height of cell walls,especially during the growth ring and the lignified phellem cells.There were more corrugations during thick type rather than thin types.(5)The result shown that the cork of thick type of Q.variabilis was better than thin types.It was suggested that more attention should be paid to exploitation of cork resources of thick type in the future.

Abstract:Morphological and anatomical characteristics of the fruits of 16 species and 1 variety of Chinese Pleurospermum were studied in this paper,and the size of mericarps,the number of vittaes,the shape of ribs and endosperms were investigated.The taxonomic status of some species of Pleurospermum had been simply discussed which provided great evidences for systematic classification and solution of taxonomic problems of this genus.The main results were as follows:(1)The fruit anatomical characteristics of Pleurospermum show dominant differences among inter-species,but opposite in intra-species;(2)The morphological and anatomical characteristics of Pleurospermum fruits exhibit high polymorphism and certain regularity,which can be evaluated as the significant references for relative-species identification;(3)Based on ripe fruit anatomical structures and molecular phylogenetic evidence,a basic conclusion is supported that the real Pleurospermum plants should have the following characteristics:the exocarp is swollen,the distal part of the rib is hollow,and the internal rib which composed by mesocarp and vascular bundle is not prominent.

Abstract:Variation patterns of the characters of flowers and fruits of Berberis replicata W.W.Smith were investigated by field population sampling,checking type specimens and statistical analysis in Tengchong County,Yunnan Province,Southwest China.The research results are shown as below.(1)In May 2013,a total of 53 flowers were sampled from 12 adult individuals of B.replicata.The number of tepals of each flower varied from 13 to 18,mean±SD was 15.25±0.96,among which 34 flowers sampled from 11 adults all consisted of 15 tepals,accounting for 91.67% of the total individuals,and 64.15% of the 53 flowers.In addition,the six inner tepals of each flower,which were opposite to the six stamens separately,emarginated at apex.(2)In December 2013,every 20 ripe berries were sampled from each of 12 shrubs of B.replicata,among the 240 fruits.The seed numbers per fruit varied from 1 to 4,mean±SD was 1.79±0.48,among which 74.17% of the total fruits contained 2 seeds.While in May 2013,150 persistent fruits,which were produced in 2012,were collected from 6 adult individuals of B.replicata,among which,the seed numbers per fruit varied from 1 to 3,mean±SD was 2.11±0.43,and 80.67% of the total fruits contained 2 seeds.Nevertheless,literatures all showed that ovaries of B.replicata,contained only 2 ovules.(3)Among the coefficients of variation in characters of flowers and fruits of individuals of B.replicata,number of petals(0.05±0.03)＜length of fruits(0.07±0.02)＜width of fruits(0.11±0.02)＜length of fruit stalks(0.16±0.05)＜seed numbers per fruit(0.25±0.08)＜length of petals(0.36±0.04)＜width of petals(0.38±0.04).(4)Consequently,the characters of flowers and fruits of B.replicata described in Flora of China are revised,and several photos are provided to fill the gap of the absence of illustration of B.replicata in Flora of China.

Abstract:In order to study the characteristics of photosynthetic physiology,providing the theoretical basis for artificial cultivation,we compared and analyzed the differences of leaf morphology,chlorophyll content and photosynthesis between Ophiopogon japonicus (L.f.) Ker-Gawl.and Liriope spicata (Thunb.) Lour.The results showed that:(1)The stoma diameter,stoma density and the number of chloroplasts in each mesophyll cell of L.spicata were all more than those of O.japonicus,the chlorophyll and carotenoid(Car) contents were also significantly higher.(2)The light compensation point (LCP) of O.japonicus and L.spicata were both about 11 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,but the light saturation point (LSP) of O.japonicus was below 300 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,while the LSP of L.spicata was below 600 μmol·m^-2·s^-1.The apparent quantum rate (AQY) of L.spicata was higher than that of O.japonicus.(3)The diurnal variation curves of photosynthetic rate of O.japonicus and L.spicata were both bimodal curves,presenting obvious midday-depression of photosynthesis.The photosynthesis siesta was caused mostly by non-stomatal limitation in O.japonicus,while by stomatal limitation in L.spicata.(4)O.japonicus and L.spicata both showed obvious photoinhibition,and it was more serious in O.japonicus than in L.spicata,and O.japonicus had significantly lower Car content.This study showed that O.japonicus and L.spicata both had leaf morphological microstructure of half-shade-demanding plant,but the adaptability to light circumstance and the photosynthetic capacity of L.spicata were better than that of O.japonicus.

Abstract:Floral color,petals structure,pH value,anthocyanin,flavonoid,soluble sugar and protein contents of Rosa hybrida were studied to explain the chromogenic mechanism of floral color.The floral color in different blooming stages was measured by the Royal Horticultural Society Color Chart(R.H.S.C.C.) and a CR-10 spectrophotometer.The results demonstrated that:(1)The anthocyanins content of petals was the highest before the flowers were completely in blooming,and the same time the color was the most strong.(2)The lower pH value,the darker flower red color.(3)Flower pigment mostly concentrated on the upper epidermis,the upper epidermis distribution of conical structure and the lower epidermis is flats lead to the color of upper epidermis stronger and the brightness is less than lower epidermis.(4)a^*_F and pH value,anthocyanin and soluble sugar,a^*_B and L^*_F,L^*_B,b^*_B are positively related;L^*_F and b^*_F,L^*_B and b^*_B are negatively related.(5)Among many factors influencing of color,front(bank) petal’s color is directly controlled by anthocyanin(bank of L^*),other factors indirect influence of floral color by influencing the anthocyanin(bank of L^*).

Abstract:In a greenhouse experiment,different doses (0.15,0.25,0.50 mL·L^-1) of compound sodium nitrophenolate (CSN) were used to spray the Chinese chives cultivar ‘Dajingou’ on the 12th day of post-harvest.The effects of CSN on yield,nitrate metabolism and quality was investigated after different treatment days (0,3,6,9,12 d).The results showed that:(1)The time dynamic patterns of nitrate concentrations had simple valley values,which appeared on 6 d,and the reduction by 29.6% occurred for 0.15 mL·L^-1 CSN in comparison with control.(2)This significant decrease was accompanied with elevated activity of nitrate reductase(NR),glufaminc synthctasc(GS),glutamate pyruvate transaminase(GOT) and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase(GPT) by 34.4%,61.3%,208.8% and 7.4%,respectively.(3)The increase in yield by 10.7% for dry matter and 10.8% for fresh matter accompanied with an increase in free amino acid by 23.1%,soluble protein by 23.3%,and Vc by 0.5% in CSN treatment compared to control.According to the results obtained,CSN obviously enhanced the activities of NR(which was named as ‘driving-pump of nitrate reduction’) and GS(which was called ‘first-driving-pump of nitrogen assimilation’),and might also promoted contribution of free amino acid,dissolvable protein and Vc by transamination action of GOT and GPT(which were called ‘second-driving-pump of nitrogen assimilation’) to reduce nitrate accumulation in vacuole of Chinese chives cells.

Abstract:With chilling sensitive watermelon ‘linglongwang’ as the tested material,we investigated the effects of exogenous 50 mg/L NAA,25 mg/L 6-BA,25 mg/L GA³,25 mg/L ABA on chilling injury index,the main content of active oxygen and the activity of antioxidant enzymes of watermelon seedlings under low temperature stress.The results showed that:(1)The appropriate concentration of 6-BA,GA³ and ABA could significantly reduce the chilling injury index of watermelon seedling,while NAA worked in the opposite direction.(2)At the third day of cold stress,the generation rate of O^-·2 and the content of MDA in watermelon seedling that GA³,ABA and 6-BA pretreated were significantly reduced by 9.0%,9.4%,7.7% and 38.1%,40.1%,45.9%,respectively;and the content of H²O² of watermelon seedling were reduced by 11.9%,18.9% and 22.7% at the fifth day of cold stress.(3)6-BA,GA³ and ABA pretreatment made SOD activity significantly increased by 15.95%,17.87% and 18.33% at the seventh day of cold stress,respectively;POD activity significantly increased by 36.36%,73.74% and 145.45%,respectively;CAT activity significantly increased by 115.22%,116.28% and 161.63%,respectively.Hence,it was indicated that appropriate concentration of exogenous 6-BA,GA³ and ABA could effectively improve the activities of SOD,POD and CAT,slow down the acumination of H²O² and O^-·2 as well as MDA,mitigate the damage of low temperature in watermelon seedling under low temperature stress,then strengthen the cold resistance of watermelon seedling.Furthermore,25 mg/L 6-BA showed the best effect,could be applied to production.

Abstract:The effects of CaCl² of 0,5,10,15 and 20 mmol·L^-1 in the culture medium on the carbohydrate metabolism and enzymes of potato variety of ‘Kexin No.1’ were investigated under 0,25,50 and 75 mmol·L^-1 NaCl stress.The results showed that:(1)With the increase of NaCl stress concentration,the contents of starch,sucrose,glucose,fructose and total soluble sugar in leaf of potato virus-free seedlings decreased continually.Sucrose synthetase(SS) and sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS) activities were significantly reduced.The activities of neutral invertase(NI) and acid invertase(AI) in leaf elevated in the range of 0～50 mmol·L^-1,and then declined.(2)Under NaCl stress,adding proper amount of CaCl² significantly increased starch,sucrose,glucose and total soluble sugar contents,significantly reduced the activities of NI and AI,could effectively alleviated the inhibitory effect of the salt stress on SS and SPS.(3)There were a negative correlation between sucrose content and AI activity,there were a significant negative correlation between sucrose content and NI activity,and there were significant positive correlation between sucrose content and activities of SPS and SS.These results indicated that exogenous calcium could regulate enzyme activity change,ameliorate the potato virus-free seedlings direction of carbohydrate metabolism under salt stress,enhance plant carbon synthesis and osmotic adjustment,and reduce salt damage.

Abstract:‘Junzao’,‘Huizao’,‘Haomidazao’ and ‘Jinlingyuanzao’ which produced in Xinjiang were used as materials.They were immersed by different concentrations of CaCl² (0,2.5,25 g/L) at three stages(12,36,60 h) to study effects of CaCl² on,jujube cracking rate and Ca,K and Mg contents of fruit pulp and peel.The result indicated that:(1)Both 25 and 2.5 g/L CaCl² can effectively reduce the jujube fruit cracking rate,and the former was superior than the latter.(2)The Ca content of fruit pulp and peel in the highest crack resistance cultivar was higher than that in the lowest crack resistance.With increasing of CaCl² concentration,the Ca content was also increased.(3)The K content of fruit pulp and peel in the highest crack resistance jujube was higher than that in the lowest crack resistance.On the contrary,the Mg content of fruit pulp and peel in the highest crack resistance jujube was lower than that in the lowest crack resistance,but the K and Mg contents of fruit pulp and peel showed different change with different concentrations of CaCl².(4)The contents of Ca and K in fruit pulp and peel were negative correlated with fruit cracking rate.The Mg content of fruit pulp and peel were positive correlated with fruit cracking rate.The study showed that the jujube fruit soaked by CaCl² reduced fruit cracking rate,increased Ca content of fruit pulp and peel,and impacted K and Mg contents of jujube.

Abstract:In order to investigate the allelopathic effect of walnut (Juglans regia) on crops,we conducted a pot experiment to study the impacts of naturally decomposing walnut leaf litter in soil on the resistance physiology,photosynthetic parameters and growth traits of lettuce (Lactuca sativa).The present experiment included a control (CK,without leaf litter addition in soil) and three treatments (with 30,60,90 g·pot^-1 leaf litter fragments,respectively,correspondingly denoted as T¹,T²,T³).In each treatment the corresponding amount of leaf litter fragments were mixed with pre-weighed soil (8 kg·pot^-1),and lettuce seeds were sowed.The indexes related to morphology,resistance and photosynthesis of lettuce were measured at 80,100,120,and 140 d after sowing.The results showed that:(1)The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD),peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) in leaves of lettuce treated with leaf litter were promoted at 80 d,but were restrained at 100 d,then recovered to the control level at 120 d.SOD was the most sensitive enzyme to the allelopathic effect of walnut leaf litter.At 100 d of sowing,the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves of lettuce was significantly enhanced by each leaf litter treatment compared to CK;(2)Treated with the leaf litter,the content of soluble protein (SP) decreased,while soluble sugar (SS) increased obviously at 100 d and 120 d;(3)At 100 d and 120 d,the net photosynthetic rate (Pⁿ) was inhibited by each leaf litter treatment,accompanied with the decrease of stomatal conductance (G^s) and transpiration rate (T^r);(4)Height,aboveground biomass and its proportion in total biomass were significantly lower than that in CK after 120 d of treatment,while the suppression compromised at 140 d (without significant differences between any leaf litter treatment and CK).In the present research,the allelopathic effect of decomposing walnut leaf litter exhibited an up-down trend with the prolonged decomposing duration.In turn,lettuce responded to the allelochemicals by adjusting the activities of antioxidant enzymes and contents of osmolytes.Lettuce might be a candidate to be used to intercrop with walnut considering its good tolerance to allelopathic effect generated by decomposing walnut leaf litter.

Abstract:With melon variety ‘Hamilü’ as the tested material,we investigated the effects of 10~200 μmol·L^-1 exogenous salicylic acid (SA) on melon seedlings growth,chlorophyll content,gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence under cadmium(100 mg·L^-1 Cd²⁺) stress by substrates culture.The results showed that:there were significant effects on the growth and photosynthesis function under cadmium stress.However,the best effect on the alleviation of Cd²⁺ stress damage was observed in the treatment of 100 μmol·L^-1 SA.At this concentration,the seedlings growth,chlorophyll content,net photosynthetic rate (Pⁿ),stomatal conductance (G^s),transpiration rate(T^r),photosystem Ⅱ(F^v/F^m),excitation capture efficiency of open centers(F^v′/F^m′),actual photochemical efficiency (Ф^PSⅡ),photochemical quenching coefficient(q^P) and the fraction of photochemical efficiency (P) in leaves were significantly increased,while minimal fluorescence(F⁰),non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) and excess energy (E) were significantly decreased.The above results indicated that dosage effect of SA existed on the alleviation of Cd²⁺ stress in melon seedlings,and the best alleviating effect on Cd²⁺ stress damage was 100 μmol·L^-1 SA,which was favorable for the seedlings to maintain photosynthesis,improve photochemical electron transport efficiency,capture and converse solar energy thus improving melon growth.

Abstract:This experiment takes Bupleurum chinense DC.,Bupleurum chinense DC.(lushi) from Lushi of Henan Province and Bupleurum falcatum L.roots as the materials.In early spring,with the survival rate of plants as winter hardiness indexes,the physiological and biochemical indexes of different varieties of Bupleurum root were detected during winter period.Path analysis and phase analysis were used to evaluate Bupleurum cold resistance and cold resistance physiological indicators.The purpose is to explore the relationship between dynamic changes and cold resistance physiological indexes of Bupleurum in natural low temperature conditions and to filter out the most suitable physiological indicators that identify Bupleurum winter hardiness.The results as follows:(1)The overwinter survival rate in turn was 80%(B.chinense DC.),50%[B.chinense DC.(lushi)],10%(B.falcatum L.),and there were differences between different cultivars.(2)The change of soluble sugar content,proline content,soluble protein content and root activity were consistent with that of the overwinter survival rate,but the relative electrolytes and MDA content of the 3 cultivars were in an opposite order.Among them,the free proline content of B.chinense DC.was 2.44 fold of B.chinense DC(lushi).and 4.49 fold of B.falcatum L..The soluble protein content of B.chinense DC.was much higher than that of others.(3)During natural overwintering,the root activities of all cultivars showed a decreasing trend.The decrease margin of B.falcatum L.was the largest(80%),the decrease margin of B.chinense DC.was the smallest(52.04%).(4)The winter hardiness of three Bupleurum species of comprehensive order was:B.chinense DC.>B.chinense DC.lushi>B.falcatum L.,the comprehensive appraisal was significantly positively correlated with the contents of protein and proline,but it had significant negative correlation with the relative electrolytes.The decision coefficient of physiological indexes in size order was proline content>soluble protein content>conductivity.The results showed that:the free proline content of roots was the main factor which influenced cold resistance during natural overwintering,which could be used as evaluation index of cold resistance of Bupleurum.

Abstract:The experiment from 2010 to 2011 was conducted to study the effects of light qualities of red,white,blue,and yellow light gotten by different color plastic films shading from resettling stage on growth,photosynthetic characteristics and quality indexes of flue-cured tobacco with natural light as comparison.Results showed that:(1)The ratio of length and width was minimum and the leaf area was maximum for the largest tobacco leaf with red film treatment,the opposite with yellow film treatment;(2)Net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of function leaf in red and blue film were significantly higher than that of natural light (control),and white and yellow film were slightly higher than or equal to natural light.Red film was higher than blue film early,and blue film was higher than red film in the later period;(3)Red and blue film were helpful to improve the SPAD value of function leaf,yellow film was on the contrary;(4)Red film significantly reduced the contents of protein and total nitrogen and the ratio of protein and nicotine,improved Shmuck value in middle leaves;significantly increased the soluble sugar content and the ratio of protein and nicotine and reduced Shmuck value in upper leaves.Blue film significantly increased the content of nicotine and total phenol,reduced the soluble sugar content,Shmuck value and the ratio of protein and nicotine in middle leaves;Blue film also significantly improved the contents of protein,total nitrogen,nicotine and total phenol and the ratio of protein and nicotine and reduced Shmuck value in upper tobacco leaves.Yellow film significantly decreased the contents of protein,total nitrogen,nicotine and total phenol in middle and upper leaves,improved the Shmuck value and reduced the ratio of protein and nicotine in upper leaves.In summary,red and blue film are more helpful to coordinate and optimize tobacco growth and photosynthetic characteristic improvement.The chemical compositions of tobacco leaves after first baking are more coordinate with red and blue film treatments which are more helpful to improve the quality of tobacco leaves.

Abstract:One of the important ways to improve the properties and application effect is to add microbial community with biological activity into organic cultivation substrate.In this experiment,the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on seedling growth,fruit yield,photosynthesis,microbial diversity and enzyme activities in rhizosphere of Capsicum annuum L.plants were investigated by adding AMF in organic substrate during seedling and cultivation.The results showed that:(1)The growth of pepper seedlings was promoted.(2)The net photosynthetic rate(Pⁿ),stomatal conductance(G^s),transpiration rate(T^r) and water use efficiency(WUE) were significantly increased while intercellular CO² concentration(Cⁱ) was decreased.Meanwhile,it has little effect on the maximum photochemical efficiency(F^v/F^m),but the actual photochemical efficiency(Ф^PSⅡ),photochemical quenching(q^P) and table electron transport efficiency(ETR) were increased by AMF,moreover,resulting in robust seedlings and higher yield.(3)The amount of bacteria and actinomycetes in rhizosphere of pepper plants was increased by AMF,but the amount of fungi was decreased,and the Shannon-Wiener and Shannon index of microbial diversity,the activities of catalase,urease and alkaline phosphatase in organic substrate were enhanced.Furthermore,the correlation coefficient between amount of bacteria,actinomycetes,fungi and activities of enzymes such as catalase,urease and alkaline phosphatase in AMF substrate reached to a significant or extremely significant level.Our results suggested that AMF increased stomatal conductance of Pepper leaves and improved electron transfer rate,raised CO² assimilation efficiency and net photosynthetic rate;meanwhile it also promoted the transformation process of substrate from low-fertility caused by fungi to high-fertility caused by bacteria,and enhanced microbial diversity and enzyme activities.AMF helps maintain the stability and harmony in rhizosphere ecological system of pepper plants,lead to more rapid seedlings growth and higher yield.In conclusion,it is an effective way to improve the application effect of organic substrate by adding AMF.

Abstract:A pot experiment was carried out to study the effect of decomposing leaf litter of Eucalyptus grandis on the growth and photosynthetic traits of two forage grass species (Elymus sibiricus and Trifolium pratense),and as well as on the activity dynamics of several soil enzymes.Leaf litter was applied at rate of 0,50,100,150 gram per pot,each containing 8 kg soil,resulting into four treatments,i.e.,CK,L⁵⁰,L¹⁰⁰ and L¹⁵⁰,respectively.Results were shown as follows:(1)Tussock height and biomass production in both grasses decreased with the increasing rate of leaf litter,and the inhibition effect declined as the exposure time prolonged.(2)Application of leaf litter promoted the photosynthetic rate (Pⁿ),expanded the adaptation interval of light intensity and CO² concentration,and increased the apparent quantum yield (AQY) (except treatment L¹⁵⁰) and carboxylation efficency of rubisco (CE) of E.sibiricus.Comparatively,decomposition of leaf litter resulted in the expansion of light utilization,but the shrink of CO² utilization in T.pratense species.Meanwhile,Pⁿ,AQY and CE of T.pratense were only promoted by treatment L⁵⁰.For both target plants,the dark respiration rate (R^d) or/and photorespiration rate (R^p) were generally increased by application of leaf litter at three rates.(3)An average synthesis effect of 0.317 and 0.380 were observed in T.pratense and E.sibiricus,respectively and the former exhibited stronger resistance ability.(4)Similarly,the activities of phosphatase and saccharase increased during 20~60 d and 20~40 d,respectively,but with the passage of time the promotion effect on activities of both enzymes decreased,which was in accordance with the inhibition dynamics on tussock height.Neither the urease activity nor the catalase activity was altered to a large extent by the leaf litter decomposition.Based on the results,we concluded that the decomposition of E.grandis leaf litter affects the growth of both grass species directly or indirectly by releasing allelochemicals.Despite that the two grass species may respond to this effect by enhancing the ability to utilize light and CO²,their growth was limited throughout the experiment period,because their energy consumption rate was promoted.

Abstract:Using open-top Chambers(OTCs) and UV-lamps,we manipulated climate warming and enhanced UV-B radiation.The parameters of photosynthetic gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of Picea asperata seedlings in the eastern fringe of the Tibetan Plateau,where climate warming and enhanced UV-B radiation(UV-B) were severe,were measured to investigate its photosynthetic responses to the two worsening environmental factors.The results showed that:(1)Enhanced UV-B restrained the net photosynthetic rate(Pⁿ),the maximum photosynthetic rate(P^max) and the apparent quantum yield(Φ).However,it increased the photosynthetic light compensation point(LCP).In addition,enhanced UV-B induced photo-inhibition of the photosynthetic system Ⅱ(PS Ⅱ) in P.asperata seedlings,and it reduced the effective quantum yield of PS Ⅱ(Φ^{PS Ⅱ}).In the end,enhanced UV-B significantly inhibited shoot elongation,root growth and biomass accumulation.(2)OTCs warming significantly enhanced Pⁿ and P^max,but it had no effects on G^s,T^r and Φ.(3)UV-B effects on photosynthesis were amended by warming to some extent,which could be judging from the increased Pⁿ,P^max,intrinsic efficiency(F^v/F^m) and Φ^PSⅡ of PSⅡ,and the improved growth.In the end,warming could alleviate the harmful effects of enhanced UV-B on photosynthesis of P.asperata.

Abstract:In order to investigate the photosynthetic characteristics and the effects between the main environmental factors and photosynthesis during florescence and fruit period of Sapindus mukorossi,we selected the florescence and fruit period to measure photosynthetic and eco-physiological characteristics of 8-year-old S.mukorossi using a portable Li-6400 Photosynthesis System(Made in USA) on sunny days.The parameters we measured were net photosynthetic rate(Pⁿ),transpiration rate(T^r),stomatal conductance(G^s),intercellular CO² concentration(Cⁱ),photosynthetically active radiation(PAR),relative air humidity(RH) and air CO² concentration(C^a).The results showed that:(1)The diurnal change of Pⁿ and T^r had a bimodal pattern(M type curve) and had a clear midday.The first and second peaks appeared at about 10:00 and about 14:00,respectively.(2)The daily averages of Pⁿ,T^r,G^s and WUE during the florescence were higher than that in the fruit period.However,the daily average of Cⁱ in the fruit period was higher than that in the florescence stage.(3)During 8:00~14:00,the daily averages of LUE in the fruit period was higher than that in the florescence stage,and the peak appeared at about 10:00,but during 14:00~18:00,that was opposite.(4)Pⁿ was significantly positively correlated with T^r,G^s and PAR,and had the closest relationship with PAR,but significantly negatively correlated with Cⁱ,and negatively correlated with C^a.(5)The main physiological factors affecting the characteristic of Pⁿ of S.mukorossi were G^s and T^r,while,Cⁱ was the main limiting factor;the main ecological factor was RH,T^a was the limiting factor and G^s was the key factor which affected Pⁿ.The results indicated that S.mukorossi adapt strongly to high-light’s capability,and it is a heliphilous plant.It is in order to guide oriented cultivation of plantation and also to manage florescence and fruit period of S.mukorossi,scientifically.

Abstract:To determine water use traits during vegetation succession in Ziwuling forest zone on the Loess Plateau,we selected three native deciduous tree species:Populus davidiana,Betula platyphylla (early succession species) and Quercus liaotungensis (climax succession species) from Ziwuling forest zone as the materials,and compared their hydraulic architecture traits including specific conductivity (K^s),leaf specific conductivity (K^l),Huber value (HV) and the vulnerability to embolism,etc.The results showed that:(1)Q.liaotungensis had lower saturated osmotic potential (Ψ^sat),osmotic potential at turgor loss point (Ψ^tlp),relative water content at turgor loss point (RWC^tlp) and higher leaf capacitance (C^leaf) than that of P.davidiana and B.platyphylla.(2)Quercus liaotungensis had higher maximum K^s and lower HV than that of early succession species P.davidiana and B.platyphylla,thus maximum K^l for these three species was the same.(3)For both leaf and branch,Quercus liaotungensis was more resistant to embolism than P.davidiana and B.platyphylla,meanwhile,Q.liaotungensis also had a larger hydraulic safety margin when balanced by the difference of minimum leaf water potential during dry season (Ψ^min) and xylem water potential corresponding to 50% loss of conductivities (Ψ⁵⁰),and larger leaf hydraulic protection for branch when estimated by the difference between leaf Ψ⁵⁰ and branch Ψ⁵⁰.(4)No hydraulic architecture difference was found for two early succession species P.davidiana and B.platyphylla.These results demonstrated from plant hydraulics that higher dehydration tolerance,larger leaf capacity,stronger leaf and branch embolism resistance,higher hydraulic safety at Q.liaotungensis may be responsible for its higher drought tolerance compared with early succession species P.davidiana and B.platyphylla.

Abstract:The community of Fraxinus mandshurica,Quercus mongolica,and Ulmus macrocarpa were investigated to reveal the quantitative dynamics of population.The static life tables were made,and the survival curve,mortality rate curve,killing power curve,and hazard rate function curve by using the age class structure represented by DBH class.The results showed that:(1)The survival curve of F.mandshurica and Q.mongolica population could be generally summarized as the type of Deevey Ⅱ,suggesting stable population dynamics.The survival curve of U.macrocarpa population could be generally summarized as the type of Deevey Ⅲ,indicating the high mortality rate of young trees,then the low mortality rate.(2)The mortality peaks of F.mandshurica was higher in the Ⅰ age class,then increased with the age increasing.The mortality peaks of Q.mongolica mainly were in young and old-age.The mortality peaks of U.macrocarpa was higher in the Ⅰ and Ⅵ age class.(3)The survival analysis showed that the three population mortality rate was increasing all along,while the survival rate was decreasing all the time.The hazard rate function curve was increasing with the growth of age class of F.mandshurica and Q.mongolica.The survival functional curve showed that the individual number of the population of U.macrocarpa decreased rapidly in early age period,was stable in middle age period,and declined in old age period.

Abstract:Based on detailed field investigation,collection and identification of bryophytes from the Helan Mountain which was believed to be located at the border of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,we discovered a new geographic distribution record of Mielichhoferia mielichhoferiana.Morphological characteristics and geographical distribution of M.mielichhoferiana were discussed.Meanwhile,the comparsion among M.mielichhoferiana and its related species,M.himalayana,M.japonica and M.sinensis,was also conducted.The key to the Chinese species of Mielichhoferia and the illustrations were provided.Not only did the research largely enriches our study information on Bryaceae in China,but also demonstrated the relationships between Helan Mountain area of floristic elements and the Himualayan components.

Abstract:This research aims at the classification of lichens in Bayinbuluk mount,southern Tianshan Mountain,observe the external morphology and internal structure of lichens,lichens subsidiary structure,lichen reproductive organs.By using the traditional classified methods such as lichen anatomical,chemical,ecological type and geographical composition analysis and biochemical methods such as color reaction(CT),micro-chemical crystallization(MCT),thin layer chromatography(TLC),identified the lichen secondary metabolites.As a result,we found a new species:Ochrolechia upsaliensis (L.) A.Massal.new to China.The morphological,anatomical,chemical,and ecological descriptions of the species are given.Photos of the thalli,asci and ascospores are also presented.