Abstract:The full-length cDNA of one ARF gene named DlARF5a(GenBank accession number:KF739401)was cloned from embryogenic callus of Dimocarpus longan by the RT-PCR combined with RACE method.Then the mRNA transcription level of the gene in the process of somatic embryogenesis was determined by qRT-PCR(real-time reverse transcription PCR) method.And the expression of ARF5a-GFP fusion protein in onion epidermal cells revealed its subcellular localization.The results indicated the complete cDNA sequence of DlARF5a was 3 322 bp containing 2 829 bp ORF encoding 942 amino acid,with 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions(UTR) of 212 bp and 258 bp,respectively.Bioinformatics analysis suggested that DlARF5a was probably a soluble protein,and functioned in the cytoplasm and consisted of a B3,Auxin-resp and AUX-IAA conservative district and structural function domain,and a Gln,Ser and Leu-rich middle region,which was considered as an activation domain.Phylogenetic analysis showed that protein encoded by DlARF5a had close genetic relationship with ARF5 in Citrus sinensis.The qPCR detection showed that DlARF5a had a remarkable rise in the expression levels at globular embryo and torpedo embryo stages,but the nadir mRNA transcription level of DlARF5a gene occurred at the cotyledonary stage(stage 6),demonstrating that DlARF5a was relevant to the torpedo embryo morphogenesis during longan somatic embryogenesis.The subcellular localization assays showed that the DlARF5a protein was located in the cytoplasm without adding the exogenous auxin IAA by confocal microscopy.Whereas,DlARF5a protein was located in the cell membrane,cytoplasm and nucleus under 1.0 mg/L IAA treatment,wich can be speculated that DlARF5a protein was able to change its spatial location in the cells in response to the external IAA.

Abstract:A MYB encoding gene was cloned by RACE(rapid amplification of cDNA ends) technique from Caragana intermedia.The gDNA and full-length cDNA sequence analysis revealed that this gene contains no intron.The full length ORF was 852 bp,and the deduced protein comprised 284 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 31 459.4 Da,as well as an isoelectric point of 8.95.Sequence alignment showed that this MYB protein is relatively close to GmMYB68,with an identity of 67%,so the gene was named as CiMYB68.CiMYB68 and GFP fusion vector was constructed,and GFP fluorescence was observed in the nuclei under confocal laser scanning microscope.Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that the transcript of CiMYB68 was induced strongly under drought and cold treatment.These results indicated that CiMYB68 might be involved in stress responses of C.intermedia.

Abstract:In the present study,two duplicated phospholipase D(PLD) genes,named BnPLDα1(GenBank accession KF113586) and BnPLDα2(GenBank accession KF113587),were cloned by homologous cloning from Brassica napus.Their nucleotide sequences had 87.33％ identity.The predicted amino acid sequence alignment analysis showed that the two BnPLDαs shared 91.01％ identity and most of differential amino acid sites were dispersed,However,the number of differential amino acid sites was up to seven in the sequence that adjacent the first HKD motif which is of crucial importance for the protein’s catalytic activity.In addition,the results of 3-D structure prediction of the two BnPLDαs proteins also show a great difference.Real-time quantitative PCR result showed that all the BnPLDα genes were expressed more in the rapidly growing tissues.The expression of BnPLDα1 was up-regulated,while the expression of BnPLDα2 was unchanged under the low-temperature stress.Under the drought and salt stress,the expression of the two BnPLDα genes both shared the same trend but they rose to maximum effect at different time points,BnPLDα1 in salt stress signal transduction plays a dominant role,but in drought stress signal transduction BnPLDα2 plays a dominant regulatory role.The expression of both BnPLDα genes was down-regulated under the high-temperature stress.These results indicated that BnPLDα1 and BnPLDα2 in the B.napus play a role in defense system that against adversity,but these differences in expression patterns may show their different function from the original gene.

Abstract:A development mutant ku7fy1 was obtained in mutant screening in Arabidopsis thaliana.It has a phenotype of narrow leaf and stunted growth.In this study,using the map-based cloning strategy and candidate gene sequencing we identified a point mutation in the WBC11(white-brown complex11) gene of ku7fy1.cDNA sequencing result of the mutant indicated that the mutation resulted in the detention of the 7th intron in the mature mRNA,which not only caused degradation of the mRNA but also led to premature translational termination.Toluidine blue staining suggested that its leaf cuticular had a defect.Genetic complementation experiment further confirmed that the mutant gene was WBC11.

Abstract:A genetic map composed of 14 linkage groups including A genome and B genome was constructed with 241 SSR(Simple Sequence Repeat) markers by using a population consisted of 99 F₁₀ recombinant inbred lines(RILs) derived from a cross of Triticum polonicum L.line ‘XN555’ and Triticum aestivum L.line ‘Zhong 13’.With growth curve fitting of Logistic equation,conditional and unconditional QTLs for thousand-grain weight in the period of slow growth,rapid growth and plateau phase were detected.(1)5 unconditional QTLs and 5 conditional QTLs for thousand-grain weight were detected on A genome and B genome in total.(2)Of unconditional QTLs,two QTLs were found in the period of slow growth and rapid growth each and one QTL was found in the plateau phase,associating with chromosomes 2B,3A,3B and 7A.The phenotypic contribution of individual unconditional QTL was in the range of 9.66%~15.18%.(3)Of conditional QTLs,one QTL was detected in the period of rapid growth and four were detected in the plateau phase,involving chromosomes 1A,2B,5B and 7B,respectively.The phenotypic contribution of individual conditional QTL ranged from 13.01% to 29.27%.(4)One unconditional QTL and one conditional QTL in the period of rapid growth,as along with one unconditional QTL in the plateau phase,were detected between markers Xbarc361 and Xwmc422 with a distance of 0.05 cM away from marker Xbarc361 on chromosome 2B.For dry matter accumulation of wheat kernels,numbers of QTLs and the genetic effects of the same QTL were different in differing grain filling periods,which indicated time-dependent and sequenced expression of QTLs.

Abstract:SSR markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity and structure,to explore the endangered causes of six Kingdonia uniflora populations at different elevations in Taibai Mountain.The results showed that:(1)Low level genetic diversity existed in K.uniflora populations.The percentage polymorphic band(PPB),Shannon’s information index(I) and Nei’s gene diversity(H) was 47.04%,0.241 6 and 0.161 4,respectively.Total gene diversity(H_t) was 0.419 0,and gene diversity within population(H_s) was 0.163 7.Gene flow(N_m) in the populations was estimated to be 0.527 4.(2)The genetic diversity of all studied populations decreased firstly and then rose with increasing elevation.(3)AMOVA analysis indicated that there were 66% variance among the populations,being consistent with the coefficient of gene differentiation(G_st=0.611 8).(4)Six populations were mainly clustered into two groups based on the genetic distance between populations.The populations at adjoining elevations firstly gathered,however,all six populations not clustered seriously according the geographical distance,which was consent with the Mantel test(r=0.341,P>0.05).

Abstract:The pollination methods and embryo rescue techniques of the crosses among Lilium Oriental Hybrids were studied.The results showed as follows:In ‘Justina’בShela’ combination,the pollen tubes were observed to grow normally downward in the pistils and target normally to the ovules when the normal stigma pollination method was used,but grow at random on the stylar cut and in the ovary while the cut-style pollination method was used.The longer style length was left,the more pollen tubes targeting to ovules were observed and the more plump seeds were produced.The highest numbers of plump seeds were produced with the normal stigma pollination method.It was investigated that of the 56 cross combinations among Oriental Hybrids,one combination generated no plump ovule,three combinations generated fewer than 10 plump ovules and the rest 52 combinations generated lots of plump ovules.This indicated that the normal stigma pollination method could be employed as a general pollination method in the crosses of Oriental Hybrids.Different embryo rescue techniques were employed The faster germination and the higher germination rate were observed by using the cut-ovule inoculation than the normal ovule inoculation on about 70 days after pollination.The technique of cut-ovule inoculation in about 70 days after pollination was also more efficient than that of embryo denuding inoculation on 40 days after pollination,which could be used as a general embryo rescue method in the crosses of Oriental Hybrids.

Abstract:For discovering the optimum solution,the leaves and callus of Codonopsis lanceolata are used to induce the mutations by Ethyl Methyl Sulfone(EMS).The roots of induced plants were analyzed to screen out variant plants.The results showed that:(1)Both the survival rate and differentiation rate of leaves and calluses induced by EMS were lower compared with the control,and reduced along with the rise of concentration and time.(2)The fatal combination of leaves and callus were (0.4% EMS+4 h) and (0.3% EMS+4 h),and the semilethal combination were (0.3% EMS+2 h) and (0.2% EMS+2 h).Callus was the better material on inducing variation of C.lanceolata.(3)The variant plant of No.6 contained 5.061 mg/g saponins which was 5.48% higher than that of the control.(4)Genetic analysis of regenerative group showed that,10 materials were amplificed for 59 strips by 8 special primers,the number of polymorphic strips was 44,which accounted for 74.6%.Genetic similarity coefficients of different materials were among 0.453~0.912.The plants of No.3,No.6 and No.7 were the variations.The research suggested that EMS treatment was an effective way for mutagenesis of somaclonal variation of C.lanceolata and achieved to get variant plants which have more saponins.

Abstract:Some investigations on the processes of double fertilization,embryogenesis and endosperm development in Tricyrtis maculata (D.Don) Machride have been observed by the method of paraffin sections.The main results as follows:(1)The fertilization is of porogamy type.Two sperms entered the embryo sac fertilized the egg and central cell and the syngamy belongs to premitotic.(2)The development of endosperm is of the Nuclear type.The division of the primary endosperm nucleus and a few subsequent divisions are not accompanied by wall formation.Endosperm nuclei begin to become celled with the formation of the free cell wall at the globular proembryo.(3)The zygote has a longer period of dormancy and slower rate of development than the endosperm.The embryogeny corresponds to the Solanad type.The zygote divides transversely and gives rise to a 2-celled proembryo including a basal cell(CB) and a terminal cell(CA).Before long,both of the CB and CA in 2-celled proembryo divide transversely and give rise to a linear 4-celled proembryo.The two basal cells of the 4-celled proembryo undergo further divisions two times and give rise to a 8 celled suspensor.The two terminal cells of the 4-celled proembryo divide transversely and longitudinally many times to form the embryo body.When the seeds are mature,the embryos are not differentiated in to organs yet.The embryo is the shield shaped when seeds are released from the capsule.The seeds composed of the testa,embryo and endsperm.

Abstract:The spore morphology of 8 species in the genus Cystopteris Bernh.was investigated and compared under light microscope and scanning electron microscope.The results showed that:(1)The spores of Cystopteris are all monolete,bilaterally symmetric,ellipsoidal in polar view,kidney-shaped in equatorial view.But spores of different species have differences in spore size,ornamentation length and structure.(2)According to the surface ornamentation of the perine,the spores in Cystopteris can be divided into three types.Type Ⅰ is characterized by having echinate processes (or mostly echinate processes) on the perine:Cystopteris fragilis,C.kansuana,C.pellucida,C.tibetica,C.sudetica,C.moupinensis;type Ⅱ is characterized by having tuberculate processes on the perine:C.montana;type Ⅲ is characterized by having granulate processes on the perine:C.dickieana.The Classification supports C.montana as an independent group.Having granulate processes on the perine is an obvious feature for distinguish C.dickieana.

Abstract:102 Armeniaca sibirica resources of the same age with cold resistant in Inner Mongolia region were studied on pistil abortive rate,pollen quantity,pollen vitality,stigma receptivity and self-incompatibility.The results showed that:(1)The pistil abortive rate was lower than 90% for 86.27% resources,and the pollen quantity of single flower was between 1×10⁴ and 5×10⁴ for 73.53% resources.The pollen vitality was less than 50% with short life for 86.27% resources.(2)The stigma had certain receptivity when the bud would be open,and it could maintain a high level in 1~4 days and began to decline in 5 days after the flowering.(3)The fluorescence microscopic observation of A.sibirica showed that the pollen tube length was less than 1/3 of the style after pollination 16 h for 96.08% resources.The pollen tube length was still not exceed 1/3 of the style after pollination 24 h for 74.51% resources,and the pollen tube extended into the middle part of the style after pollination 48 h for 35.29% resources.After pollination 80 h,the pollen tube reached the lower of the style for 50% resources,but the fertilized ovule number was 0.Thus,the A.sibirica resources were essentially self-incompatibility.

Abstract:Combining several methods of literature review,field survey and off-site preservation,34 phenotypic traits of 88 persimmon resources were determined,as well as the genetic diversity and relationship were studied through principal component and cluster analysis,to lay a foundation for compositive utilization and exploitation of the local superior resources.The results show that:(1)There were big differences between quantitative and qualitative traits in 88 Guizhou persimmon germplasm resources,suggesting abundant genetic diversity.(2)A model including 16 principal factors was acquired from principal component analysis,which could account for 81.41% of total variances.The cumulative contribution rate of the first 6 main factors was 50.57%.The main phenotypic traits of these six factors included fruit oil spot at coloring period,leaf apical shape,leaf basal shape,calyx shape,sepal shape,fruit skin color,grooves on fruit side,fruit apex shape,calyx cavity shape,density of skin stoma,leaf width,petiole length,leaf color,fruit weight,titratable acid,total sugar and sugar/acid.These traits could be used for evaluation diversity of persimmons resources in Guizhou Province.(3)The mean values of Shannon’s genetic diversity index of 88 germplasms were up to 1.57,and the genetic diversities of persimmon resources in different areas were distinctly different.According to the Shannon’s genetic diversity index,we could preliminarily inferred that the evolution and cultivation trend of local persimmon resources was from the Centre,Southern and Western to Eastern and Northern in Guizhou Province.(4)The results of the Q-type clustering analysis showed that the genetic distances of phenotypic traits were up to 13.76,which indicated that persimmon resources were diverse in Guizhou Province.88 germplasms were divided into 6 groups,and the differences of phenotypic traits were obvious among groups,which illustrated that the genetic relationships was distant among groups and the genetic backgrounds were relatively independent in various groups or sub-groups.

Abstract:46 Pyrus germplasm accessions were inoculated with the fungal block(Valsa mali var.pyri) on the excised twigs for two years,and the relative POD,SOD activities,total phenolic content and tissue looseness were measured.The contents of SA and JA were determined by using ELISA.According to SA and JA synthesis related genes(PAL,ICS,AOS and AOC) fragment sequence,which were obtained from RNA-Seq,the relative expression levels were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) technology.The results showed that:(1)Differences in disease incidence and severity were found among germplasm accessions.In general,the cultivars of P.ussuriensis Maxim.are canker resistant,whereas most varieties of P.communis L.are canker sensitive.(2)There was no significant correlation between POD,SOD activities and tissue looseness,related positive correlation between total phenolic content in phloem of twigs.(3)For ‘Qiubai’,the endogenous SA and JA levels were increased after applied with V.mali var.pyri.The expression levels of PAL and AOS also increased under the treatment of the pathogen.However,the contents of SA and JA were no significant changed to the pathogen in ‘Chili’.Consistent results were found in the expression of PAL,ICS,AOS and AOC genes.Analysis showed that disease severity was positively correlated with total phenolic content.SA and JA may participate in the response of pear to the pathogen of V.mali var.pyri.

Abstract:With Sedum spectabile Boreau as material,by simulating the heavy metal cadmium(Cd) pollution,we detected the Cd accumulation in plant and the best tolerance on Cd(NO₃)₂ concentration by using atomic absorption spectrometry and Colorimetric methods.Based on the above research results,Under 100 μmol·L^-1 Cd(NO₃)₂ treatment,morphological response were observed and Cd content in each group of its root were compared by using Semi thin section,scanning electron microscopy(sem) and X-ray spectroscopy.The results show that:(1)After Cd(NO₃)₂ stress.The distribution of Cd in different organs was uneven,Specifically,root>stem>leaf.(2)Under less than or equal to 100 μmol·L^-1 Cd(NO₃)₂ treatment,S.spectabile Boreau can take days of normal physiological metabolism.When Cd(NO₃)₂ concentration reaches to 400 μmol·L^-1,S.spectabile Boreau apparent Cd poisoning,as severe of membranous of root were badly damaged.(3)The surface of roots of sedum spectalile Boreau occured Shrinkage,Root hair markedly increased,difficult to distinguish outer epidermis and cortex,with more parenchyma cells layers than that of control group,closely packed and inregular.(4)After 100 μmol·L^-1 Cd(NO₃)₂ stress,the distribution of Cd in different tissues was uneven,Specifically,root>stem>leaf.In conclusion,S.spectabile Boreau can tolerate a high concentration of Cd(NO₃)₂ and has the potential research value for Cd pollution soil repairing.

Abstract:We measured the lignin content and cross-sectional shear strength of 1-year-old softwood cuttings of Tetraploid Robinia pseudoacacia in order to investigate the relationship between lignin content and cross-sectional shear force,and the effects of different lignin contents in cuttings on rooting.The results showed:(1)A positive correlation was found between the lignin content of cuttings and their cross-sectional shear force,thus,the lignin content might be inferred based on its shear force.(2)The lignin content of cuttings between POD and PPO enzyme activity were significantly positive correlation(correlation coefficient of POD and PPO were 0.98 and 0.92,respectively);and the lignin content of cuttings with ABA hormone content significantly positive correlation(correlation coefficient was 0.97);however,the lignin content of cuttings with IAA and IBA on significantly positive correlation;according to the influence of POD enzyme activity of roots can speculate that the lignin content has a certain effect on rooting.(3)The lignin content of cuttings and POD enzyme activity was significantly positive correlation (correlation coefficient of 0.98.According to the influence of POD enzyme activity of roots can speculate that the lignin content has a certain effect on rooting.(4)The optimum rooting ability appeared in cuttings containing 19.47% lignin content,and their shear force ranged from 40 to 50 kg.This study will provide a theoretical basis for selecting appropriate cuttings of Tetraploid R.pseudoacacia in rooting experiment.

Abstract:A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of application of four fertilizers,nitrogen fertilizer (NF),compound fertilizer (CF),organic fertilizer (OF) and mixed fertilizer (MF),on 1-year-old Phoebe zhennan seedlings.Each fertilizer was applied at three levels based on the annual nitrigen application rate,namely,low (L,0.3 g/pail ),medium (M,0.6 g/pail ) and high (H,0.9 g/pail),which was divided into three equal parts and applied into pail in the middle of May,July and September,respectively.The morphological and photosynthetic indicators of P.zhennan seedlings were measured after a month of fertilization to explore the effects of fertilizer application on photosynthetic and growth characteristics of the seedlings.The results showed that:(1)The medium nitrogen application rate showed the greatest promoting effects on the growth of P.zhennan seedlings for the 3 types of fertilizers,and when comparison was conducted between fertilizer types,CF acted the worst,NF acted well only at early stage (May-June),MF application reflected a relative lack of nutrient in the late phase (September-October),while OF was able to provide nutrients for the seedlings more continuously;(2)Fertilization functioned well in promoting chlorophyll synthesis,extending the functional period of green leaves,and enhancing net photosynthetic rate of P.zhennan seedlings,wherein OF and MF performed more effectively,coupled with the photosynthetic capacity of seedlings improved under an environment of strong light,high CO₂ concentration;(3)In addition to CF,application of other three kinds of fertilizers has increased the height and diameter growth of P.zhennan seedlings to varying degrees,with the greatest stimulation observed in OF at medium application rate (M_OF),which displaying an increment twice as much as that of CK.As can be seen,M_OF is the best choice in the fertilizer management of P.zhennan seedlings.

Abstract:Reaumuria soongorica population is facing a serious degradation at arid and semi-arid region of Northwest.Deficient water conditions impose restrictions on seedling establishment and survival of R.soongorica.In order to study root morphology and water use efficiency of R.soongorica seedlings to provide suggestions for rehabilitating degraded ecosystem,we studied the root morphology and water use efficiency of R.soongorica seedling under different water conditions(full irrigation,FI;moderate irrigation,MI;drought treatment,DT) by pot experiment.The results showed that:(1)R.soongorica seedling root morphology demonstrated great variations under different water gradient and root order.With the decrease of irrigation amounts,R.soongorica root diameter and root volume were FI＞MI＞DT,but drought treatment promoted the elongation growth of root and increased its specific surface area and specific root length,which indicated that R.soongorica seedling through the changes of morphological characteristics such as root elongation growth,root surface area increase,root volume and root diameter decrease to adapt to drought stress.(2)With increasing of root orders,the root length and specific root length significantly decreased in different soil water conditions.However,the root with higher order had greater root diameter and volume,these phenomena indicated the highly morphological variation of fine root system of R.soongorica.(3)Compared with full irrigation,moderate irrigation and drought treatment made the total root biomass and lateral root biomass of R.soongorica seedling increased 50.00% and 19.23%,respectively.However,the above ground growths of R.soongorica were depressed with the decrease of soil water,especially the leaves biomass reduced at maximum,which decreased 62.15% and 83.28%,respectively,which resulted in the root shoot ratio increased with the reduced of irrigation amounts.(4)Drought treatment significantly increased the R.soongorica seedling water use efficiency.We conclude that R.soongorica seedling through the changes of morphological characteristics such as root length,root surface area and volume,and diameter to optimize the spatial distribution of configurations in order to adjust the plant to improve water use efficiency.

Abstract:By arraying tobacco rooted plantlets with the different wave length and ratio of light emitting diodes(LEDs),with fluorescent lamp(CK) light as control,the effects of light quality on physiological characteristics and growth were investigated.The results showed that:(1)Red-blue-green(RBG) and Red-blue-white(RBW) light enhanced the heights,leaf lengths and leaf widths,leaf area,shoot diameter,root length,number of root and dry weigh of plant,and the contents of chlorophyll were also up-graduated,but those of treatments were no significantly differences.(2)RBW light treatments led to higher content of soluble sugar and C/N ratio,RBG light treatments led to higher content of free amino acid,and significantly higher than that of other treatments;for all light treatments,tobacco leaf soluble protein content is significantly higher than that of CK light treatment,1Red-blue(1RB) light treatment led to higher content of soluble starch,and significantly higher than that of CK light treatment.(3)Fluorescent lamp(CK) light treatments led to higher contents of MDA,and significantly higher than that of other treatments;while decreased activities of SOD,CAT and POD in the leave,and significantly lower than those of other treatments;which red light lowered content of MDA and enhanced activity of POD,and CAT activity is the highest.LED light source can significantly reduce the MDA content of tobacco plantlets,reduce the membrane lipid peroxidation damage,promote the growth of tobacco plantlets,and the main reason lies in its regulation metabolism of the activities of antioxidant enzymes in response to photo-oxidative stress.

Abstract:The effects of saline stress(NaCl,Na₂SO₄,NaHCO₃ and Na₂CO₃) with different contents on the growth and physiological indexes in pot-cultured Rubus crataegifolius seedlings were studied.The results showed that:(1)The growth of R.crataegifolius seedlings was promoted by NaHCO₃ and Na₂CO₃ under lower salinity,and inhibited under higher level.It was inhibited by NaCl and Na₂SO₄ under different salinity.(2)With the saline stress rising,the relative electric conductivity was increased,and the malondiadehyde(MDA) accumulation fluctuated.The changed trend between the two indexes was similar under Na₂SO₄ and NaHCO₃ stress,and it was different under NaCl and Na₂CO₃ stress.(3)The SOD activity increased and then decreased with increasing salinity,while,POD activity decreased then increased,which showed that it mainly depended on the SOD and POD complementary action to reduce oxidative damage.(4)The salt tolerance thresholds for R.crataegifolius seedlings were 85.18(0.50%,W/V),40.77(0.58%,W/V),171.00(1.44%,W/V) and 114.20(1.21%,W/V) mmol·L^-1,when taking 50% drop in relative height growth as the standard.As a consequence,the growth of R.crataegifolius seedlings was restrained under different salinity-alkalinity stress,but they could adjust themselves by increasing the activities of protective enzymes(SOD,POD) to reduce the salt injury under a certain saline conditions,and maintain the normal physiological metabolism of plant seedlings.The R.crataegifolius seedlings tolerance ability to alkaline salt(NaHCO₃ and Na₂CO₃) was stronger than that of neutral salt(NaCl and Na₂SO₄).

Abstract:In this study,‘Nanguo’ pear and its red bud mutation ‘Nanred’ pear were used to evaluate the quality of the fruit.The results showed that:(1)Comparing with ‘Nanguo’ pear,‘Nanred’ pear was more brilliant red.A higher soluble solid to acidity ratio of ‘Nanred’ pear was a result of a high soluble solids content and low titratable acidity,so it tasts sweeter.(2)The fruit firmness of ‘Nanred’ pear reduced faster than that of ‘Nanguo’ pear,and it was lower than that of ‘Nanguo’ pear during 6~18 d,so it tasts softer.This is because that the respiration rate peak of ‘Nanred’ pear was significantly higher than that of ‘Nanguo’ pear,and ‘Nanred’ pear had a higher ethylene production in the early period.(3)43 kinds of aroma components were detected in both ‘Nanred’ pear and ‘Nanguo’ pear,but there was difference in composition.The total production of aroma components and relative amount of esters in ‘Nanred’ pear were significant higher than those in ‘Nanguo’ pear.It demonstrated that ‘Nanred’ pear had a greater quality of aroma.

Abstract:The aim of the present work was to evaluate the distribution and concentrations of sugars and acids in vacuole,cytoplasm,and free space in peach fruits,and assess their contribution to sweetness and sourness.Compartmental analysis method was used to calculate the concentration of sugars and acids in vacuole,cytoplasm and free space,and a survey was performed to evaluate fruit sweetness and sourness of peach fruits at harvest.The results showed that sugars (sucrose,glucose,fructose and sorbitol) and acids (malate,citrate,quinate and shikimate) in vacuole,cytoplasm and free space were 27.3,11.6 and 9.0,and 2.09,0.94 and 0.35 mg·g^-1,respectively,in mature fruits.Sucrose and malate accounting for 80.6% and 77.0% of total sugars and acids,respectively,were principal accumulation form in ripe peach fruits.The tonoplast with lower permeability was the most resistant barrier for sugars and acids to release.Sugar and acid contents in different organelles of the block fruit were 3.0∶1.3∶1.0 and 6.0∶2.7∶1.0,respectively,but for the homogenized fruit,the cells were destroyed,so the contents in different organelles were 1.0∶1.0∶1.0;Sugar and acid ratios in vacuoles,cytoplasm and free space were 13.9∶12.4∶23.1,respectively,and the corresponding results in the homogenized fruit were 14.0∶14.0∶14.0,respectively.Evaluation score of the block fruit (2.99) was significantly higher than that of the homogenized fruit (1.98).The differences of sugar and acid contents and sugar-acid ratio in vacuole,cytoplasm and free space may be responsible for the decrease of fruit sweetness.

Abstract:In order to investigate the effects of Cinnamomum japonicum leaf litter addition on the physiological properties of Impatiens balsamina,a pot experiment has been conducted.Four litter addition treatment levels (0,20,40,80 g·pot^-1) were applied.The results showed that:(1)Litter additions significantly increased H₂O₂ concentration in leaf of I.balsamina in pre-squaring stage.(2)The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD) and catalase(CAT) were inhibited significantly during pre-squaring,squaring and full bloom stages.(3)Ascorbic acid(ASA) concentration was significantly increased in pre-squaring stage,but decreased significantly in squaring and full bloom stages.(4)The basal diameter growth and aboveground biomass of I.balsamina were depressed by the litter additions significantly.(5)Coumarin,eudesmol,cinnamic aldehyde,trans-caryophyllenethe and terpineol may the main allelochemicals in C.japonicum leaf litter.The study suggests that the non-enzymatic ROS scavenging system may more important than the enzymatic system for I.balsamina.Ascorbic acid may play an important role in the resistance of oxidative stress in pre-squaring stage of I.balsamina.The oxidative stress derived from litter additions may exceed the scavenging capacities of the two systems,and as a result,the basal diameter growth and aboveground biomass accumulation were depressed by the injury of membrane system of I.balsamina.

Abstract:With cucumber cultivar ‘Chunqiuwang No.2’ as test material,the effects of four root-zone temperature gradient (20 ℃,25 ℃,30 ℃,35 ℃) on the growth,antioxidant enzymes and osmotic substance of cucumber seedlings under hydroponic cultivation were investigated.The results showed that:(1)The differences of plant height,stem diameter,leaf area,shoot and root fresh weight are significant between 25 ℃ treatment and the other 3 ones,especially under 35 ℃ treatment seedlings grew badly.(2)Net photosynthetic rate (P_n) of leaves and photosynthetic product in leaves and roots were higher obviously under 20 ℃ and 25 ℃ treatments than that under 30 ℃,while P_n decreased seriously under 35 ℃ treatment.(3)POD activity was increased and CAT activity was decreased in the leaves and roots under the treatments of 30 ℃ and 35 ℃.SOD and APX activities in the leaves were increased gradually,while both of them showed a reverse trend in the roots with root-zone temperature rising.(4)Leaf relative electrolyte leakage,malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves and roots displayed the lowest under 25 ℃ treatment and the highest under 35 ℃ treatment.Proline and soluble protein contents showed the highest in the leaves and the lowest in the roots when seedlings were cultivated in 35 ℃.The results indicated that 25 ℃ was the most suitable root-zone temperature for cucumber seedlings in this research.As the main osmotic regulation substances,proline and soluble protein contents were decreased in roots,the high root-zone temperature acted directly on,and the changes of antioxidant enzyme activities in leaves and roots resulted in oxidative damage of cell membrane increasing severely under 35 ℃ treatment,causing the growth of the whole seedlings to be restrained seriously.

Abstract:By selecting several control experiments of cultivation of reed from several different commonly used soils in restoring Ningxia Plain wetland,we obtained the performance characteristics of reed growth and photosynthesis to different soil environments.The results showed that:(1)Under different soil conditions,there were significant differences in plant height,leaf area,plant diameter,biomass,and the value of each ecological characteristics of peat soil organisms are the largest.(2)Reed photosynthetic parameters P_n,G_s,T_r showed the same trend,namely peak at 10:00,with the obvious ‘lunch break’ phenomenon,the changes of C_i value is the opposite.The effect on the photosynthetic performance of different types of soil reed is peat soil>swamp soil>situ soil>sierozem>sand,and it displays the strongest effects on photosynthesis reed peat soil.(4)By the path analysis and stepwise regression analysis of the reed biomass and soil factors and net photosynthetic rate P_n,the results showed that:soil SOC and soil TN determined reed biomass,and is the most important factor.The determined factor to affect reed net photosynthetic rate is soil TN,soil SOC and soil TP,while TS is the limiting factor.(5)Reed is a typical aquatic plant,higher water requirement,peat soil is nutrient and its water conservation is particularly high,and therefore,peat soil is the most suitable soil type for reed growth.

Abstract:The life history,spatial patterns and spatial associations across life stages of dominant populations Lithocarpus glaber and Cyclobalanopsis glauca were studied in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest at Dashanchong forest farm,Changsha County,Hunan Province,sampling a 1 hm² permanent monitoring plot by contiguous grid quadrate method and making the statistic life tables,figuring age structure and survival curves and using Ripley’s K function.The results showed that(1):The mortality of the two populations increased with size class and reached death peak at juvenile and young stages.The two populations belonged to growing populations and their survival curves were close to type Ⅰ (clump-shaped curve).(2)They aggregated across whole stages with scales from 0 to 25 m and their aggregation strength increased with spatial distance.Meanwhile,the aggregation strength of L.glaber decreased and C.glauca showed from decreasing to increasing with age increasing.(3)Spatial associations of L.glaber and C.glauca populations among different life stages were significantly positive at small scales,which were also found between juvenile and old trees of C.glauca population at more than 15 m scales.The biological characteristics,interspecific and intraspecific competition were important factors in determining the survival ability of L.glaber and C.glauca populations and seed dispersal,sprout regeneration,habitat specialization and negative density effect could be the main driving factors in maintaining the spatial patterns of L.glaber and C.glauca populations.

Abstract:The floristic compositions of vascular plants in Dahaituo Nature Reserve are investigated based on the typical plant community plots and 3 times comprehensive line transect surveys in 2012～2013.We analyzed the floristic compositions of vascular plants and its distribution type,and compared 4 nature reserves around it,so as to make clear the flora and characteristics of plants in Dahaituo Nature Reserve,and to provide a basis for plants diversity conservation in this areas.The results show that:(1)In Dahaituo Nature Reserve,a total of 900 wild vascular plant species are recorded,belonging to 108 families and 429 genera,among which,28 species are of pteridophyte,belonging to 14 families and 19 genera,3 species are of gymnosperm,belonging to 2 families and 3 genera,and 869 species are of angiosperms,belonging to 92 families and 407 genera.(2)There are 249 genera each of which only one species belong to,which reflect the abundance and complex of flora compositions.The genera of vascular plants in the Nature Reserve can be divided into 15 distribution types,and the temperate zone characteristics is prominent,for there are 281 genera belonging to temperate distribution types(8-14 types),accounting for 78.3 percent of the total.(3)According to the compare of floristic compositions among Dahaituo Nature reserve and its 4 surrounding Nature Reserves,the floristic compositions in Dahaituo Nature Reserve is similar to the Nature Reserves with similar latitude,such as Xiaowutai Mountain Nature Reserve and Wuling Mountain Nature Reserve,and it shows that the floristic compositions in Dahaituo Nature Reserve are in accordance with them in the region.

Abstract:The method of liquid nitrogen grinding and ultrasonic were applied to crush Nostoc flagelliforme colonies and cells.The crudes were isolated by differential centrifugation;thylakoid membranes were purified by high speed centrifugation with gradient density sucrose;the thylakoid membrane proteins were extracted and separated by SDS-PAGE.The results suggested that:(1)Thylakoid membrane of colonies on dehydration for 6 h(water contenting 51.2%) and on dehydration for 24 h(water contenting 14.9%) were purified by many tims differential centrifugation and then by high speed centrifugation with gradient density sucrose.(2)14 bands of thylakoid membrane protein were separated by SDS-PAGE,their mass weight mainly ranged from 25 kD to 60 kD.8 kinds of protein were identified by MALDI-TOF-TOF/MS and database searching.According to their biological functions,these thylakoid membrane proteins were divided into 4 categories,including photosynthesis proteins(photosystem Ⅱ manganese-stabilizing protein PsbO,F₁F₀ ATP synthase subunit alpha,F₁F₀ ATP synthase subunit beta),binding domain protein(hemerythrin HHE cation binding domain-containing protein),carbohydrate-selective porin(carbohydrate-selective porin OprB),unknown proteins(hypothetical protein Npun_R1321,Npun_R3785 and N9414_02186).They might play an important role in photosynthesis of N.flagelliforme.

Abstract:A species of Ornithoboea Parish ex C.B.Clarke (Gesneriaceae),O.lacei Craib was newly recorded from China.It is similar to O.wildeana Craib,but differs in lower lips of Corrola slightly unequal,emarginate;staminodes 3.A description and photos of the species are provided.The voucher specimens are hold in Herbarium of Guangxi Institute of Botany (IBK).

Abstract:This paper reports a new record genus,Neofinetia,and a new record species,Neofinetia richardsiana Christenson,in Shaanxi Province.The specimen were collected in Zhuxihe,Chenguanzhen,Zhenping county,Shaanxi Province.

Abstract:Two genera,Erythrodes Bl.and Chiloschista Lindl.,are reported as new records of Ochidaceae from Fujian Province,with two newly recorded species,Erythrodes blumei (Lindl.) Schltr.and Chiloschista guangdongensis Z.H.Tsi.Brief morphological descriptions and photos of the two plants are provided,and the voucher specimens are deposited in the herbarium of Life Sciences College,Fujian Normal University (FNU).